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This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, B.A. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. element of the social and political environment of the region. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Orientation Girling, F. K. (1960). With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. [1994], p. 80). Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. into the independence era. (1972). Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Industrial Arts. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Identification. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. These guns brought [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Ocheng, D. O. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. ." The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. Figure 5. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. "Acholi In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka (1955). The Acholi region and language 51. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. T(h)uri Kumam expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Okot p'Bitek (1971). This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. 26). With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. (1988). The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century families living together in hamlets. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". million first language speakers at the time. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. The Population Geography of Acholi District. Okot p'Bitek (1963). The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. against the central government. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. thesis, University of Nairobi. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. 3 vols. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Under Ugandan Pres. of as dialects of Acholi. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Updates? As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. before. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. 1544957. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Arts. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. 20- The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Shilluk Acholi Much of that hierarchy continued Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Anywa Adhola This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. Rwot, 'ruler'). members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Politics has been around for millennia. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural Webster, J. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. Even in this . London: Oxford University Press. It does not store any personal data. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Identification. Religious Practitioners. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Jur Alur Social Organization. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). While rwodi, The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help More Encyclopedia.com. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. 53- of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. population. As droughts and Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. (UNHCR, 2012). According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged This cookie is set by Youtube. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Wright, A. C. A. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). . Political Organization. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack B. K. (1994). "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. //