Clin Oral Implants Res. Ramos TM, Ramos-Oliveira TM, de Freitas PM, Azambuja N, Jr, Esteves-Oliveira M, Gutknecht N, et al. In the naked eye observation, the biofilms stained by disclosing solution seemed to have been completely removed, however, SEM images indicated biofilm still remained. A systematic review on adhesion in dentin prepared with Er,Cr:YSGG laser might lead to a better understanding, giving some answers regarding this question. After fixing, specimens were washed three times with PBS (pH 7.4), and dehydrated with a series of graded ethanol solutions (30%, 60%, 95%, and 100%) for 15 minutes. The ability of direct fluorescence-based, two-color assays to detect different physiological states of oral streptococci. With this method, there is no need of anesthesia, the patient also feels less uncomfortable regarding the noise and pressure. Er,Cr:YSGG lasers perform cutting dental hard tissue with water accelerated by the laser beam, so that a report says that impact on pulpal tissue and change in dental hard … Er,Cr:YSGG laser. The intertubular dentin undergoes greater ablation than the peritubular dentin, since it has a higher amount of water, resulting in dentin tubules protruded. [1], The formation of the hybrid layer with impregnation of resin monomers in partially demineralized dentin and its polymerization is the currently accepted and more successfully method to achieve adhesion to dentin. [15,27], On the other hand, in the study by Ramos et al., it was possible to compare the adhesion strength of Clearfil™ SE and Single Bond™ adhesives without acid etching, and despite having an adhesion strength (38.7 ± 16.5 MPa) slightly lower than the previous study, Clearfil™ SE continued to show the best result. 2016;31(8):1613-9. doi: 10.1007/s10103-016-2025-5 Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 1Department of Operative Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, Er,Cr:YSGG: Erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet, Flowchart according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, Shear bond strength of adhesives in dentin prepared with erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser, conditioning type and laser settings, Shear bond strength of adhesives in dentin prepared with erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser and laser settings, Adhesion in Dentin Prepared with Er,Cr:YSGG Laser: Systematic Review. 2007;73(8):2653-660. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02884-06 We also found that the value of surface roughness (Ra=0.66 μm) of titanium disk surface was higher than the threshold even though it was machined surface, it did not prevent the bacterial colonization. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser was used at a power setting of 1.0 W, fluence of 16.99 J/cm 2, a 30 Hz repetition rate and with a water spray of 20% water and 11% air. (a) UC (untreated control), (b) PC (Decontamination with plastic curette), (c) ERL (Er:YAG laser irradiation), and (d) ERCL (Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation)Â, Table 1 Effectiveness of different decontamination procedure on biofilms had been formed in vivo for 72 hours indicated by live/dead fluorescence staining (mean±SD (%))Â. UC, untreated control; PC, decontamination with plastic curette; ERL, Er:YAG laser irradiation; ERCL, Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation. 2006;77(11):1820-7. doi: 10.1902/jop.2006.050456 The best bond strength results (average about 41 MPa) was obtained by using laser in dentin, followed by phosphoric acid etching at 40% for 30 s, and applying the adhesive Clearfil™ SE bond [Table 3]. Yazici AR, Agarwal I, Campillo-Funollet M, Munoz-Viveros C, Antonson SA, Antonson DE, et al. The depth of laser cutting will be measured and controlled continuously during the operation by the periodontal probe with stopper read to each 3mm depth in addition to a few parts of a millimetre depth into the medullary bone to enhance bleeding. Influence of different treatment approaches on the removal of early plaque biofilms and the viability of SAOS2 osteoblasts grown on titanium implants. The morphological changes of the specimen surfaces (e.g. [ Links ], 38- Strever JM, Lee J, Ealick W, Peacock M, Shelby D, Susin C, et al. performed a similar study to the one of Ferreira et al., using the parameters 3 W, 70% water, and 60% air, with application of the adhesive Adper™ Single Bond Plus and conditioning with 37% phosphoric acid, with different durations, getting the best result of adhesion, with a duration of 15 s conditioning (13.62 ± 7.28 MPa)[17] [Table 3]. 2019 Jan-Mar; 10(1): 129–134. [ Links ], 34- Al-Ahmad A, Wiedamann-Al-Ahmad M, Auschill TM, Follo M, Braun G, Hellwig E, et al. J Periodontol. [ Links ], 10- Mailoa J, Lin GH, Chan HL, MacEachern M, Wang HL. [ Links ], 23- Giannelli M, Bani D, Tan A, Materassi F, Chellini F, Sassoli C. Effects of an Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser and ultrasonic scaler on titanium dioxide-coated titanium surfaces contaminated with subgingival plaque: an in vitro study to access post-treatment biocompatibility with osteogenic cells. A total of 48 contaminated discs were distributed among four groups: untreated control; decontamination with plastic curettes; Er, Cr:YSGG laser; and Er:YAG laser irradiation. According to Quirynen, et al.39 (1993) the surface roughness acts as a threshold in bacterial colony formation, preventing large bacteria from adhering to the surface with roughness lower than Ra=0.2 μm. The effect of different cleaning methods on the surface and temperature of failed titanium implants: an in vitro study. 2018;89(6):680-90. doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0389 Following the treatments, typical laser-induced morphological alterations of titanium surface (e.g. Complete plaque removal was estimated using naked-eye and the time taken was recorded; the residual plaque area was measured and the morphological alteration of the specimen surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In this study, there were two more groups where the adhesives were also tested with additional treatment with 40% of phosphoric acid and 10% sodium hypochlorite gel. The operator was trained to perpendicularly irradiate the titanium surface via a cone-shaped fiber tip placed 1 mm above the surface. Obeidi A, Liu PR, Ramp LC, Beck P, Gutknecht N. Acid-etch interval and shear bond strength of Er,Cr:YSGG laser-prepared enamel and dentin. Matsuyama, et al.29 (2003) suggested that for periodontal debridement, the radiant energy below 50mJ/pulses has usually been used, and, Er:YAG laser debridement of dental implant surfaces may be feasible without damaging their surfaces in the low irradiation setting. The first attempts to condition the dentin resulted in poor micromechanical adherence, due to preferential conditioning of peritubular dentin. Kim, Ok-Su: Conceptualization (Equal); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Funding acquisition (Equal); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Equal); Resources (Equal); Software (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing-original draft (Equal); Writing-review & editing (Equal). Ergücü Z, Celik EU, Unlü N, Türkün M, Ozer F. Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the microtensile bond strength of two different adhesives to the sound and caries-affected dentin. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser (ERL) is a solid‐state laser that provides a user‐controlled distribution of infrared energy at 2,780 nm for a variety of intraoral applications. Cr:YSGG lasers are necessary to perform by a power meter. All dental products on the market are designed to operate on tooth surfaces prepared with handpiece, thus all studies conducted end up testing these products. Tables ​Tables33 and ​and44 show the analysis of the bond strength considering the adhesive, the laser settings, and the type of surface conditioning, and the selected articles are described below. [ Links ], 17- Valente NA, Calascibetta A, Patianna G, Mang T, Hatton M, Andreana S. Thermodynamic effects of 3 different diode lasers on an implant-bone interface: an ex-vivo study with review of the literature. P-values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. 2014;25(7):838-42. doi: 10.1111/clr.12147 Additionally, the bactericidal effectiveness of laser irradiation was determined by estimating the percentage of dead to total bacteria after 72 hours of biofilm formation and decontamination procedure. Examples of that are the different bond strength results obtained with the same adhesive, Clearfil™ SE Bond, with the same application procedure, but different parameters. In the article by Takada et al., two self-etch adhesives were used: one consisting of primer and adhesive, the Clearfil™ SE Bond (Kuraray, New York, USA) and the other was one step, Clearfil™ Tri-S Bond (Kuraray, New York, USA).  This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2020;35(6):1411-7. doi: 10.1007/s10103-020-03009-y The live/dead stain was prepared by diluting 0.5 μL of staining component A (SYTO 9) and 0.5 μL of staining component B (propidium iodine) in 300 μL of bacterial suspension. Immediately after biofilm formation in vivo, the titanium discs were removed from the splint, water-washed, and dyed with disclosing solution (FD&C Red #28, Sultan Healthcare, USA). 2016;27(7):845-9. doi: 10.1111/clr.12689 One could explain that Er,Cr:YSGG laser was used at higher power settings in this study, and it has an ablative hydrokinetic process that enables more efficient decontamination and debridement.25, The quantification of adherent microorganisms based on biofluorescence are simple, precise, and reproducible. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser was used at a power setting of 1.0 W, fluence of 16.99 J/cm2, a 30 Hz repetition rate and with a water spray of 20% water and 11% air. [ Links ], 11- Kreisler M, Götz H, Duschner H. Effect of Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2 and GaAlAs laser irradiation on surface properties of endosseous dental implants. Keywords: Biofilms; Dental implants; Laser therapy; Microbial viability. Chung, Hyun-Ju: Conceptualization (Lead); Data curation (Lead); Investigation (Lead); Methodology (Lead); Project administration (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing-review & editing (Equal). [ Links ], 25- Miller RJ. tested the shear bond strength Clearfil™ SE in dentin prepared with diamond bur, getting better results than when using laser (13.0 ± 5.05 MPa vs. 9.0 ± 3.35 MPa).[14]. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser was used to perform minimally invasive soft tissue and root surface procedures on each pocket. 2018;89(3):325-30. doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0325 Considering that the laser energy at target may differ from the set in the control panel, especially for laser devices using optic fibers, direct measurement of beam energy of both Er:YAG and Er. Microtensile bond strength analysis of adhesive systems to Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-treated dentin. [3,4], The Erbium laser cavity preparation in dentistry is more advantageous compared to traditional methods using handpiece, since it prevents microcracks, decreases the vibration, and has a bactericidal effect. The search was limited to studies in vitro conducted in healthy human dentin, written in English between 2009 and 2016; a combination of the following terms was used: Adhesion, laser, Er,Cr:YSGG, and dentin bond strength. At the end, 10 articles met all the requirements for this systematic review and were selected. During the Iran-Iraq War, Iranian soldiers suffered more than 4000 cases of laser eye injury, caused by a variety of Iraqi sources including tank rangefinders. The settings of 1.5 W, 70% water, 65% air, 140 μs pulse duration and frequency 30 Hz, energy density of 4.5 J/cm2 resulted in a bond strength of 38.7 ± 16.5 MPa, while the settings of 3.5 W, 60% water and 65% air, and an energy density of 109.4 J/cm2 resulted in 9.0 ± 3.35 MPa. 2013;28(6):1435-40. doi: 10.1007/s10103-012-1215-z Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. For irradiations, it was used the Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Millenium, Biolase Inc., USA), as described before. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. Treatment of the contaminated implant surface using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Progressive peri-implantitis. Poormoradi B(1), Torkzaban P(2), Gholami L(1), Hooshyarfard A(3), Farhadian M(4). Co., USA) with saline irrigation. Tseng WY, Chen MH, Lu HH, Lin CW, Hsieh TT, Chen CH, et al. Lasers Med Sci. The articles were identified, analyzed, selected, and included in the systematic review according to TRANSPARENT REPORTING of Systematic Reviews and Meta-ANALYSES checklist [Table 2]. The use of different etching durations in the paper by Ferreira et al., and Single Bond™ in dentin prepared with 4 W, 75% water, and 65% air, resulted in a better adhesion strength (12.38 ± 2 47 MPa) in the group where conditioning was performed for 15 s with phosphoric acid at 35%[16] [Table 3]. This study examined the efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG lasers compared to Er:YAG laser or plastic curette in the decontamination of titanium disc surfaces covered with oral biofilms. Differences in bonding to acid-etched or Er:YAG-laser-treated enamel and dentin surfaces. [ Links ], 2- Heitz-Mayfiled LJ. Phone: +82-62-530-5648 e-mail: periodrk@chonnam.ac.k. [11], Also, Adebayo et al. In the case of adhesion to dentine, there are several factors that can influence adhesion including: the substrate, the type of treatment, and conditioning of the dentin. [8], The studies on adhesion to dentin prepared with Er,Cr:YSGG show contradictory results, yet there is no consensus on what are the best laser parameters and the best adhesive material to use.[9]. Lasers Med Sci. Controlled local deliver of tetracycline HCL in the treatment of periimplant mucosal hyperplasia and mucositis: a controlled case series. The results suggest that each treatment session with Cutera Inc.'s Pearl system 2,790-nm YSGG laser typically requires a recovery period from erythema and swelling of 3 4 days, unlike the several weeks of healing usually necessary with CO2 laser resurfacing. [ Links ], 4- Furst MM, Salvi GE, Lang NP, Persson GR. 1998;69(8):857-64. doi: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.8.857 Influence of etching time on bond strength in dentin irradiated with erbium lasers. Participants wore the splints for 72 hours, except when they manually brushed their teeth. 2003;21(1):7-17. doi: 10.1089/10445470360516680 Apart from these conventional approaches, the choice of several lasers has been proposed to treat peri-implant diseases. Lin S, Liu Q, Peng Q, Lin M, Zhan Z, Zhang X. Ten articles were selected to the systematic review according to TRANSPARENT REPORTING of Systematic Reviews and Meta-ANALYSES checklist. 2017;43(2):94-9. doi: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-16-00188 Due to the heterogeneity of the laser parameters, the adhesive procedures and the adhesive materials used, it was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis, so it was performed an analysis of selected items from a descriptive point of view. tested the adhesives Clearfil™ SE Bond, Xeno® IV (Dentsply, York, Pennsylvania, USA) and Tokuyma Bond Force® (Tokuyma Dental, Japan) in laser-treated dentin with Er, Cr:YSSG laser with 3.5 W, 60% water, and 65% air, and an energy density of 109.4 J/cm2, obtaining the best result with IV Xeno® adhesive (average of 10.4 MPa).[14]. Also, an infrared thermal camera could also be helpful to monitor temperature at the targeted surface during laser irradiation. 2008;53(8):765-72. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.02.014 In dentistry, cavities prepared with Erbium lasers present more advantages, compared to traditional methods, but there is still a lack of investigation about the adhesion in dentin surfaces prepared with Erbium lasers, especially with Erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser. [13], Adebayo et al. Treatment time in Er,Cr:YSGG laser was shorter than Er:YAG laser. [ Links ], 33- Muller R, Groger G, Hiller KA, Schmalz G, Ruhl S. Fluorescence-based bacterial overlay method for simultaneous in situ quantification of surface-attached bacteria. Adhesion to tooth structure: A critical review of “micro” bond strength test methods. Furthermore, Romanos, et al.27 (2006) in a in vitro study, showed that implant surface decontamination by an the Er,Cr:YSGG laser favors osteoblast attachment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. doi: 10.4317/medoral.56424 In the same article, the adhesives Clearfil™ SE and Single Bond™ presented better results when tested in dentin surfaces prepared with diamond bur (47.9 ± 16.5 MPa and 41.0 ± 10.7 MPa, respectively). 2001;33(3):188-92. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00971.x [ Links ], 14- Valente NA, Mang T, Hatton M, Mikulski L, Andreana S. Effects of two diode lasers with and without photosensitization on contaminated implant surfaces: an ex vivo study. [ Links ], Received: In this study, anti-adherence activity of three treatments on biofilm contaminated titanium surface was examined by estimating the total bacterial load. Most common laser used in this study are presented as mean ± standard deviation ( SD ) according! 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Is no need of anesthesia, the choice of several lasers has been proposed treat! Cleansing treatment, the time taken to completely remove the top layer of skin certain parts an.

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