This is chemically the more obvious method. 2004 Oct;14(10):836-841. Iodine supplementation improved iodine status (median urinary iodine concentration after supplementation was 145 mcg/L) and significantly improved measures of perceptual reasoning and overall cognitive score compared with children taking a placebo. The federal government's 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Nutritional needs should be met primarily from foods. Methods to assess iron and iodine status. 1998 Oct;83(10):3401-3408. One cup contains 39 percent of your daily iodine needs and only 121 calories. 2009 Jun;30(4):376-408. Iodine is a trace element that is naturally present in some foods, is added to some types of salt, and is available as a dietary supplement. Iodine-deficiency disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. The researchers also reported a dose-dependent reduction in self-assessed pain. Many dietary supplements that contain iodine are listed in the Dietary Supplement Label Database from the National Institutes of Health [20]. The titration can be performed using just iodine solution and not iodate, but the iodate solution is more stable and gives a more accurate result. Good sources of iodine. Pediatrics 2014;133:1163-6. 2020. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Iodine. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. Uses of Potassium Iodate – KIO 3. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Iodine and the element listed for that row. Iodate is reduced in the gastrointestinal tract and absorbed as iodide [2,5]. 2009 Nov;90(5):1264-1271. Guy Abraham point out, 12.5 mg. - 37.5 mg. in the form of Lugols' Solution is the exact range of iodine … Plant-based beverages used as milk substitutes, such as soy and almond beverages, contain relatively small amounts of iodine. A supplementation rate of 50 ppm iodine in a 4-ounce per day intake mineral supplement is recommended. Prepared by passing chlorine into a hot soln of lime in which iodine has been dissolved: Bahl, Singh, J Indian Chem Soc 17, 397 (1940). Food Addit Contam. During pregnancy and early infancy, iodine deficiency can cause irreversible effects. 1996;66(4):350-362. [, Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders DW, Gunter EW, Maberly GF, Braverman LE, Pino S, Miller DT, Garbe PL, DeLozier DM, Jackson RJ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Nov;90(11):1571-1581. J Nutr. Among women of reproductive age, the median urinary iodine concentration in NHANES 2007–2014 was 119 mcg/L [36]. Common sources of Iodine for livestock include: potassium iodate or iodide In adults, mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency can cause goiter as well as impaired mental function and work productivity secondary to hypothyroidism. AACE Clinical Case Reports 2015;1:e81-e82. Production of T4 increases by approximately 50% during pregnancy [52], requiring a concomitant increase in maternal iodine intake. Convert grams Zn(IO3)2 to moles  or  moles Zn(IO3)2 to grams, Molecular weight calculation: Includes a variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast. If a person’s iodine intake falls below approximately 10–20 mcg/day, hypothyroidism occurs [1], a condition that is frequently accompanied by goiter. Iodine Deficiency. Taken as a whole, these findings indicate that increased public awareness of iodine’s importance during pregnancy and lactation is warranted and that further research into the effects of iodine supplementation during pregnancy is needed. The average urinary iodine level—a good measure of recent dietary iodine intake—has dropped by more than half since the 1970s. A trace element that's essential for thyroid function, iodine is present in few foods, but dairy foods are one nutritious source of iodine. [, Pennington JA, Young BE, Wilson DB. Thyroid. Iodine deficiency disorders result from inadequate thyroid hormone production secondary to insufficient iodine [5]. 65.38 + (126.90447 + 15.9994*3)*2. It contains varying levels of iodine also. Dietary iodine in pregnant women from the Boston, Massachusetts area. Deficiencies of iron and/or vitamin A may also be goitrogenic [50]. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Vegans and people who eat few or no dairy products, seafood, and eggs The iodine amounts in different seaweed species also vary greatly. To accommodate increased iodine needs during pregnancy and lactation, the iodine RDA is 220 mcg/day for pregnant women and 290 mcg/day for lactating women [2]. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Taking high doses of iodine with anti-thyroid medications could cause your body to produce too little thyroid hormone. The Total Diet Study (TDS), an FDA monitoring program, provides estimated iodine intakes of the U.S. population [23]. Updated: September 16, 2020 History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, How To Evaluate Health Information on the Internet, NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), FDA and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods, Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. common chemical compounds. Consumption of foods that contain goitrogens, substances that interfere with the uptake of iodine in the thyroid, can exacerbate iodine deficiency [2]. Iodine in food and iodized salt is present in several chemical forms including sodium and potassium salts, inorganic iodine (I2), iodate, and iodide, the reduced form of iodine [4]. This is why many people around the world are at risk of developing a deficiency . J Am Diet Assoc. Although the results of these studies are promising, more research is needed to clarify iodine’s role in fibrocystic breast disease. [, Murray CW, Egan SK, Kim H, Beru N, Bolger PM. Percentage yield of ZnI 2 103%b 99% aT sh l mi r age nt. Construct the formula: $$\ce{2Sn + 3I2 -> SnI4}$$ with excess tin and iodine. The goal of this laboratory exercise is to determine the amount of vitamin C in samples, such as fruit juice. We use the most common isotopes. For pregnant and lactating women in these countries, iodine intakes of 250 mcg/day from both supplements and dietary sources are recommended [3,7]. The effects of severe iodine deficiency on neurological development are well documented. Most commercially prepared bread contains very little iodine unless the manufacturer has used potassium iodate or calcium iodate as a dough conditioner [10,11]. Thyroid. [, Rebagliato M, Murcia M, Espada M, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Bolúmar F, Vioque J, Basterrechea M, Blarduni E, Ramón R, Guxens M, Foradada CM, Ballester F, Ibarluzea J, Sunyer J. Iodine intake and maternal thyroid function during pregnancy. This compound is also known as Zinc Iodate. Iodine status is typically assessed using urinary iodine measurements. [, Perrine CG, Herrick KA, Gupta PM, Caldwell KL. [, Gordon RC, Rose MC, Skeaff SA, Gray AR, Morgan KM, Ruffman T. Iodine supplementation improves cognition in mildly iodine-deficient children. Iodine in food and iodized salt is present in several chemical forms including sodium and potassium salts, inorganic iodine (I2), iodate, and iodide, the reduced form of iodine . [, Hynes KL, Otahal P, Burgess JR, Oddy WH, Hay I. Analyses of NHANES datasets from 2003 to 2014 indicate that a substantial portion of pregnant women in the United States are iodine insufficient. Despite the importance of iodine for proper fetal development, the effects of iodine supplements during pregnancy on infant and child neurodevelopment in particular are inconclusive. The FDA recommends that exposed people take a daily pharmacological dose (16–130 mg potassium iodide, depending on age) until the risk of significant radiation exposure ends [77,78]. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), FDA and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods [8] lists the iodine content of numerous foods and beverages. Language delay and poorer school performance in children of mothers with inadequate iodine intake in pregnancy: Results from follow-up at 8 years in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. The reaction is IO 5I 6H 3I 2 3H 2O Note that each mole of iodate results in the production of three moles of iodine. Iodine is an essential nutrient that can support brain development and reduce your risk for thyroid disease. However, it readily sublimes with gentle heat, resulting in a widespread misconception even taught in some science textbooks that it does not melt at standard pressure. 1991 Feb;91(2):179-183. In infants and children, less severe iodine deficiency can also cause neurodevelopmental deficits such as somewhat lower-than-average intelligence as measured by IQ [1,41,42]. Among lactating women, 75% took a dietary supplement, but only 19% of them took an iodine-containing product. What do we know about iodine supplementation in pregnancy? For bulk stoichiometric calculations, we are usually determining molar mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight or average atomic mass. Foods high in iodine can help you obtain the minimum daily requirement. Purpose . Identification Product Name Iodine, 0.1N standard solution Cat No. An iodine deficiency can cause symptoms such as fatigue, high cholesterol, lethargy, depression, and swelling of the thyroid gland. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Oct 4;372(9645):1251-1262. Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae widely available in health-food stores as a dietary supplement. Environ Sci Technol. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:853-63. For this reason, iodine-deficient individuals have a particularly high risk of developing radiation-induced thyroid cancer when exposed to radioactive iodine. TDS data do not include iodine that people obtain from the discretionary use of iodized salt [25,26]. Includes a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, and oils. Breast milk iodine and perchlorate concentrations in lactating Boston-area women. Goiter is usually the earliest clinical sign of iodine deficiency [2]. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. of a chemical compound, More information on [, Caldwell KL, Makhmudov A, Ely E, Jones RL, Wang RY. 1943, pg 66. Median urinary iodine concentrations of 100–199 mcg/L in children and adults, 150–249 mcg/L in pregnant women and >100 mcg/L in lactating women indicate iodine intakes are adequate [3]. In a study of 57 healthy lactating women from the Boston area, median breast milk iodine content was 155 mcg/L [62]. For the most cases, the percentage of copper is more than the percentage of zinc. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for iodine that is equivalent to the mean intake of iodine in healthy, breastfed infants in the United States. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. TSH increases thyroidal iodine uptake from the blood and the production of thyroid hormone. Iodine sufficiency during pregnancy is extremely important for proper fetal development. Other good sources include fish and other seafood, as well as eggs (see Table 2). Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine in foods from the United States Total Diet Study. Potassium iodate reacts with silver nitrate forms silver iodate and potassium nitrate. 2004;(2):CD003819. Use of iodine-containing dietary supplements remains low among women of reproductive age in the United States: NHANES 2011-2014. These Co-factors are essential minerals, like magnesium, zinc, calcium, copper and chromium, and the B complex vitamins, and Vitamins A, ... Up to 1960 the average slice of bread contained 150 micro-grams of iodine , in the form of potassium iodate. The impact, if any, of this insufficient intake on fetal development is not known. Iodine-deficient soils produce crops that have low iodine levels. back 6. The iodine-replete healthy adult has about 15–20 mg of iodine, 70%–80% of which is contained in the thyroid [6]. US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. A more recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial had similar findings. The FNB has established iodine ULs for food and supplement intakes (Table 3). Trials 2015;16:563. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. They are also required for proper skeletal and central nervous system development in fetuses and infants [1]. Using relative amounts, for every 1 mol $\ce{Sn}$ there are 3 mol $\ce{I}$, so the ratio is 1:3. In a double-blind study, researchers randomly assigned 56 women with fibrocystic breast disease to receive daily supplements of iodine (70 to 90 mcg I2/kg body weight) or placebo for 6 months [76]. back 5. 2004 Dec;89(12):6054-6060. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. 2010 Feb;24(1):29-38. 2009 Sep;94(9):3188-3190. Surveys indicate that many pregnant women in the United States might consume insufficient amounts of iodine even if they do not have signs or symptoms of overt iodine deficiency [35]. The chemical reaction is given below. [, Ghent WR, Eskin BA, Low DA, Hill LP. After 5 months of treatment, women receiving doses of 3,000 or 6,000 mcg iodine had a significant decrease in breast pain, tenderness, and nodularity compared with those receiving placebo or 1,500 mcg iodine. [, Andersson M, Aeberli I, Wüst N, Piacenza AM, Bucher T, Henschen I, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB. Research suggests that infants are more sensitive to the effects of iodine deficiency than other age groups, as indicated by changes in their TSH and T4 levels in response to even mild iodine deficiency [53]. Studies have also shown that excessive iodine intakes cause thyroiditis and thyroid papillary cancer [2,80]. Cases of acute iodine poisoning are rare and are usually caused by doses of many grams. It is present in seawater, but sparingly, as the iodide ion, I −, to the extent of approximately 50 mg per metric ton (0.0016 ounce per ton) of seawater. The effect of supraphysiologic levels of iodine on patients with cyclic mastalgia. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) illustrates the steps for determining percent yield. None of the doses was associated with major adverse events or changes in thyroid function test results. 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