a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the The kite soared majestically over the treetops. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. His and his wife. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. Renews March 10, 2023 Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. respected and very professional soldier. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. He was later a prominent commander in Italy and North-West Europe, where he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord until after the Battle of Normandy. French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The right reacted with fervor. France During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Civil-War. This island was the site of the US's first invasion of Japanese-held territory. Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Germany and Italy intervened in the long, complicated Spanish Civil War, where their support eventually helped General Francisco Franco's fascist movement defeat republican Spain (Spain's only official aid came from the U.S.S.R) . 800 British ships, ranging from warships to fishing boats, crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops. estimates. The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. In 1931, leftist Republican parties triumphed in municipal and national elections, forcing Alfonso to leave Spain. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. steadily waned. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. Triple Entente The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. For the full article, see. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). The of the army was the most successful of the nationalist forces, and he was a One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. World War II Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members. He imprisoned and many upon coming to power--up to a million according to some They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. Picasso uses jagged, fragmented forms and distorted faces to great effect, creating an atmosphere of panic and terror. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Create your own unique website with customizable templates. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. Civil Guard was present. Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. A naval base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which forced America to enter the war, Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. The Cold War involved propaganda, proxy wars, covert actions. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. confused about its identity and ideology. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! for a group? Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. Please wait while we process your payment. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. He systematically killed the Jewish population of conquered nations, as well. military Nationalists pronounced their intentions on July 17, 1936. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. Spanish Civil War, (193639), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. January 1939. France signed treaties with each of the countries. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. Politically, the territories belonged to the Austrian Empire until 1918, from 1918 to 1938 to Czechoslovakia, from 1938 to 1945 to Germany, from 1945 until 1993 again to Czechoslovakia and since 1993 to the Czech Republic. Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. The Civil War The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. an architect, author and high-ranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the Third Reich"; had a close personal relationship with Hitler. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. "Monty", was a British Army officer. an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying However, in cities unprotected by the Civil Guard, the General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . (one code per order). City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. You'll also receive an email with the link. The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. The ever-cautious democracies, fearful of war, would not intervene, even to provide the Spanish government with weapons and supplies. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. Soviet It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. Discount, Discount Code Quiz & Worksheet - The Spanish Civil War | Study.com Check your understanding of major events and issues leading up to, during and after the Spanish Civil War with an interactive quiz and. Wed love to have you back! Example 1. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. It began in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and every part of the world, with devastating effects in both industrialized countries and those which export raw materials. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The Spanish Civil War by Antony Beevor Beevor's concise and detailed account of the Spanish Civil War presents the complex mix of events in a clear manner, using a smooth and readable narrative with an excellent appraisal of both the broader situations and the difficulties faced by individual soldiers. Franco's wing Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. The (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin.