29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. of the United States, Geography 20 America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. 18. - To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of
44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. 41. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. 1 0 obj
A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 stream
Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. %
2 0 obj
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a
44. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Not yet. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. 40. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). Also available in digital form. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. endstream
18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. 22. 3 0 obj
27. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. 3 (1933): 44874. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. 1. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Annexation of independent republic. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. Also available in digital form. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. 5. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 35. 36. On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. 47. Relief shown by hachures. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. 42. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of
ch. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. 1. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. 13. Boston, Small, Maynard & company. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. ed. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. United States--Colonial question, - The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. Expansion . Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. 5 (2011): 134891. commonwealth status as Federated States of
of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France
34. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). 203. <>>>
It was a moment when the United States briefly flirted with outright territorial conquest before turning toward other, harder-to-see forms of global power. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. A self-governing state cannot accept . Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. sovereign, self-governing republic. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. Bicknell, Edward. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. 19. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. Arguments for U.S. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. U.S. %PDF-1.5
But things are changing quickly. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. - Shattuc, W. B. 1848. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of
Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt
I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. 12. In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. Has the organization manage. Hello, It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. 45. 31. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000
Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . 11. The Greater United States is not my term. 6. . for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain
Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. 26. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). But those familiar borders only held for four years. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. 38. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q
Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. Pdf. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an
U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. Title from title sheet. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. SHAFR members are now turning with great zeal toward military bases, extraterritoriality agreements, occupation zones, Indian polities, and colonies. David Rumsey Map Collection. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. 37. Treaty of Paris
Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a
A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 Help With Assignments 1 This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. 12. The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856;
Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. As it gained power, it shed territory. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 Its not only the Philippines. The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. 22. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 25. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986
28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . They hung on classroom walls.