Managua is the home of most national broadcasting television channels as well as the major national newspapers. The temperature varies from 72F (22.2C) at night to 86F (30C) during the daytime. MAJESTIC TURKEY BY CULTURE TRIP Managua and Puerto Cabezas, located in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region are also connected via road. )$496.7 million (2020 est. )note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; Nicaragua rebased its GDP figures in 2012, which reduced the figures for debt as a percentage of GDP, -$316.6 million (2021 est. Several earthquakes have affected the city's growth, especially the 1931 earthquake and the 1972 earthquake, but the city has been rebuilt several times. For other uses, see. )transmission/distribution losses: 1.89 billion kWh (2019 est. The country's railroads fell into disrepair during the 1980s. )government consumption: 15.3% (2017 est. The surface area is 267.2 square kilometers. Hence, Managua was officially selected as the nation's capital in 1852.[10]. The metro area population of Managua in 2022 was 1,083,000, a 0.93% increase from 2021. Managua, due to its tropical climate, varied topography, rich fertile soils, and abundant rain and water sources, boasts a great variety of flora. [50], Managua is also home to Museo Sitio Huellas de Acahualinca (the Museum of Acahualinca), where the Ancient footprints of Acahualinca, fossilized Paleo American footprints made 2,100 years ago, are engraved in volcanic ash. Based on weather reports collected during 1985-2015. Efforts to make Managua the capital of Nicaragua began in 1824, after the Central American nations formally attained their independence from Spain. TransNica is a Nicaraguan bus company that operates international bus services throughout Central America. )spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. New government buildings were erected, industry developed, and universities were established. It competes extensively with its counterpart, TicaBus, a Costa Rican bus company. The reserve is located within Managua's city limits, and is a tourist attraction. There is also the bust of Professor Josefa Toledo de Aguerri, who was an educator, philanthropist, writer, social activist, and one of the first feminists in the Americas. UNAN was established in 1812 in the city of Len and its main campus is located in Managua. ), fossil fuels: 37.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est. World Book Advanced. The Dennis Martnez National Stadium is home to many baseball games of Managua's Boer team. / Nicaragua", "Central American Countries of the Future 2005/2006", "Hoy inaugurarn moderno observatorio astronmico", "Latin American Business School Ranking (2005)", "Wall Street Journal/Harris Interactive Business School Survey", "Universidad Thomas More Profesionales de Primera", "Universidad Centroamericana UCA de Nicaragua", "La Prensa, El Diario de los Nicaraguenses Noticias Economia", "Tourism Observer: NICARAGUA: Managua, Travel On Chicken Buses, Homosexuality Not Illegal Hence No Jail Sentence", "Miss Nicaragua, una historia accidentada", "Sobre Managua: Cultura y Turismo [Fiestas Patronales de Managua]", "Concluyen fiestas patronales de la capital nicaragense", "National Stadi Rubn Daro National Theater", "Monumento al General Augusto Cesar Sandino", "National Stadium: Baseball matches and more", "Nicaragua Briefs: Obando's New Cathedral Off to a Strange Start", "Central America takes harder line against gangs", "Drugs & Crime; Gang Profile: Mara Salvatrucha", "The case of Managua's District V: Disinformation, prudence or something else? in 2017). Under Kppen's climate classification, the city has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw). Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador prompted the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. (Show more) Official Language: Spanish See all facts & stats Recent News Feb. 21, 2023, 8:50 PM ET (AP) Opponents describe hideous conditions in Nicaraguan prisons Constant fear In 1952 the University of Managua became part of the National University of Nicaragua. )$35.007 billion (2020 est. )imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est. Updates? (male 180,441/female 231,392), total dependency ratio: 54.4youth dependency ratio: 46.4elderly dependency ratio: 8potential support ratio: 12.6 (2021 est. . Managua, the largest city in the country, is also its centre of commerce and culture. It is also the administrative, commercial, educational and economic hub of the country. [citation needed] Residential and commercial buildings have been constructed on the outskirts of the city, in the same locales that were once used as refuge camps for those who were homeless after the earthquake. The construction of a new sewer system and the redirecting of waste water to a new water treatment plant at Las Mercedes in Eastern Managua in May 2009 relieved old concerns over water pollution and native wildlife, and brought some residents closer to the old city center and the rest of the mainland. )-1.79% (2020 est. Since a population census has not currently been carried out, the estimate provided by the National Institute for Development Information INIDE is used, which estimates that by 2021 the population of the capital is 1,350,000 which corresponds to approximately 1.3 million people. The INCAE Business School (Spanish: Instituto Centroamericano de Administracin de Empresas, INCAE) is a private business school. [8] The ancient footprints of Acahualinca are 2,100-year-old fossils[9] discovered along the shores of Lake Managua. In 2007, after a successful literacy campaign, Managua was declared by the Mayor of Managua and the Sandinista party newspaper to be the first capital city in Central America to be rid of illiteracy. ), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est. The city has a population of approximately 1.5 million people. The Sandino monument was constructed on top of the wreckage of the old Mozarabic-style presidential palace commissioned by President Sacasa in the late 1920s but long used by the Somoza Family as their personal residence. )exports: 0 kWh (2019 est. Official name: Republic of Nicaragua Capital city: Managua Population: 6,203,441 Area: 130,370 sq km Major languages: Spanish, Miskito Time zone: UTC-6 (Central Time Zone) (Source: CIA World Fact Book) Interesting facts about Nicaragua. This highway is commonly referred to as the Northern Highway. Carretera unir a Bluefields con Nueva Guinea. In 1950, the population of Managua was 109,903 . The Nicaraguan capital has had an ascending population clearly registered in the censuses since 1971, with an initial population of 384,904 for that year, which has increased to 908,892 for the year 2005 . Click here to get an answer to your question What is the population in Managua? The city is surrounded by rich agricultural lands devoted primarily to the cultivation of coffee, cotton, and corn (maize). note: data are in current year dollars, United States 60%, El Salvador 5%, Mexico 5% (2019), clothing and apparel, gold, insulated wiring, coffee, beef (2019), $8.306 billion (2021 est.) The city has a population of roughly 1,800,000, composed predominantly of mestizos and whites; making it the second most populous city in Central America after Guatemala City. [citation needed] During the parade many people dress up in typical costumes, masks and painted bodies. Across from the Central Park, on the north side, is the Rubn Daro park and monument, dedicated to Nicaragua's greatest poet and one of the most influential literary figures of the Spanish-speaking world. Some buildings burned to the ground, while the foundations of others simply gave way. ", INAUGURACION TERMINAL AEREA AEROPUERTO INTERNACIONAL MANAGUA, REMODELACIN Y AMPLIACIN DEL AEROPUERTO INTERNACIONAL DE MANAGUA, II, III Y IV ETAPA, "Hermandad o convenios con otras ciudades", "Declaracin de Hermanamiento mltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamrica (12-10-82)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Managua&oldid=1140847073, Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows), This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 02:02. Salgado, J. 1. The city's development caught the attention of Irving Fields and Albert Gamse, who composed a musical piece about the city that became popular in the 1940s through the performances of Freddy Martin, Guy Lombardo and Kay Kyser. [citation needed], The National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN) (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Nicaragua) is the main state-funded public university of Nicaragua. Managua is the economic center and a generator of services for the majority of the nation. On the professional level, the National Nicaraguan Football team has still not had the public support nor the international exposure as the regional counterparts like the Costa Rican, Honduran or Salvadoran teams. The Augusto C. Sandino International Airport (formerly Managua International Airport) is the largest and only international airport in Nicaragua. Throughout the Spanish colonial period, Managua was recognized only as an Indian town, outranked by the relatively nearby Spanish cities of Len and Granada. [21] Nicaragua's higher education system consists of 48 universities and 113 colleges, vocational and technical institutes which serve students in the areas of electronics, computer systems and sciences, agroforestry, construction and trade-related services. [52] The monument was proposed by Ernesto Cardenal and is protected by the Nicaraguan military. 17% of the population is of European descent, with the largest ancestry groups being Spanish, German, Italian, English and French. It is a neo-classical monument which consists of a round pedestal, topped by a balustrade surrounding a fountain containing a gondola filled with singing cherubs, and at the center, a pillar topped with a statue of Daro dressed in a Roman tunic protected by an angel. [54] The St. James' Cathedral became the first cathedral in the Western Hemisphere to be built entirely of concrete on a metal frame. In 1950, the population of Managua was 109,903. )expenditures: $4.15 billion (2017 est. Nicaragua, located in Central America, may have been inhabited from as long ago as 8,000 years.Evidence of one of the Americas' earliest human . In the numismatic hall there is a permanent exhibition of Nicaraguan coins, bills, and memorial medals from throughout Nicaragua's history.[43]. Some of the more important buildings which managed to survive the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake include the Catedral de Santiago (St. James' Cathedral, known colloquially as the Old Cathedral), the Rubn Daro National Theatre, and the National Palace of Culture. The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Constructed of Carrara marble, Daro's monument is one of the greatest in the country. [57][58][59] The number of gang members was estimated at 4,500 throughout the country, lower than all of its Northern neighbors in the region except Belize. It was founded in 1967. [26] According to a study done by Amrica Economa INCAE ranked as the number one business school in Latin America in 2004 and 2005[27] and ranked in the top ten international business schools by The Wall Street Journal in 2006.[28]. The city's chief products include beer, coffee, pharmaceuticals, textiles, shoes, matches, construction products, etc. Today, it houses the National Archive, the National Library, as well as the National Museum which is open to the public. ), 33.3% of GDP (2017 est. Managua's prime location between the Northern Pan-American highway and the Southern Highway make it an ideal hub for local, national and international buses. Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. Between 1852 and 1930, Managua underwent extensive urbanization, becoming a base of governance, infrastructure and services. The most centrally located is the Tiscapa Lagoon in the Tiscapa Lagoon Natural Reserve. Group of answer choices )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 4.93% (2021 est. Population: 6,545,502: Largest City Managua (1,063,698) Currency : Cordobas (NIO) GDP: $12.52 Billion: ), urban population: 59.8% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. )permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est. It remains here for ten days until the morning of August 10, when the "Subida del Santo" (walking up of the saint) returns the statue to Las Sierritas Church where it remains for the rest of the year. 2021 class City Department 2021 Population ; 1 Managua: Managua Department: 1,047,286 2 Len: Len Department: 175,026 3 Tipitapa: Managua Department: 144,187 4 Masaya: Masaya Department: 136,584 5 Ciudad Sandino: Managua Department: Nicaraguan bus companies, often referred to as Chicken Buses, serve both urban and rural areas to remedy the lack of sufficient infrastructure that plagues these towns or villages. ), total petroleum production: 200 bbl/day (2021 est. The Nicaraguan capital has had an ascending population clearly registered in the censuses since 1971, with an initial population of 384,904 for that year, which has increased to 908,892 for the year 2005. The city, with a population exceeding one million inhabitants, houses many large national and international businesses. mas Many different types of trees, some of which are not found elsewhere in the world, appear, including chilamates, ceibos, pochotes, genzaros, tigilotes, royal palms, piuelas and madroos (Nicaragua's national tree) surround the city. New private courts have played a big role in the promotion of amateur games and tournaments. Every seventh resident lives in Managua alone. Some of the larger television channels include: Canal 2, Telenica, Canal 10, Canal 15 (100% Noticias), and several others. INCAE was founded in 1964 with the support of the United States government and other Central American countries. Only five lesser-known presidential candidates of mostly small parties allied to ORTEGA's Sandinistas were allowed to run against ORTEGA in the November 2021 election. There are four main highways that lead into Managua. It is home to many factories which produce diverse products. Managua has grown by 17,811 in the last year, which represents a 1.4% annual change. It gained its current prominence primarily because of its position . [citation needed] The cathedral survived the 1931 earthquake, but was heavily damaged during the 1972 earthquake, which eventually led to the construction of a new cathedral located in another part of Managua. The newly reconstructed Carretera A Len connects Managua with Len. Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Managua, Nicaragua metro area from 1950 to 2023. Managua, the largest city in the country, is also its centre of commerce and culture. ), 4.851 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. ), sugar cane, milk, rice, maize, plantains, groundnuts, cassava, beans, coffee, poultry, food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, knit and woven apparel, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood, electric wire harness manufacturing, mining, agriculture: 31%industry: 18%services: 50% (2011 est. )$5,300 (2019 est. Also part of the exhibit is the Hall of National History and the Hall of National Symbols. A bitter rivalry over which city should hold the honor of being Nicaragua's capital eventually led to compromise: the founding of Managua in 1852. Eli700 Eli700 09/17/2018 Spanish Middle School answered What is the population of Managua 2 See answers Advertisement Managua, like much of Western Nicaragua, except for the Sierras, has a tropical climate with constant temperatures averaging between 28 and 32C (82 and 90F). Annual Weather Averages Near Managua. ms que Please check your download folder. Founded in 1819, Managua became the national capital in 1852. [6] [67], Most bus coaches in Managua are fabricated by DINA S.A. and Mercedes-Benz. )other: 32.5% (2018 est. Both national and international artists present shows, concerts, exhibitions, and cultural performances such as El Gegense among many others. By Reuters. 84% of the country's population lives in urban areas. 2.7 million inhabitants reside in the Pacific region alone, while inhabitants in the Caribbean region only reach an estimated 700,000. [citation needed] These are regulated by the city's regulatory entity for municipal transports (IRTRAMMA) and individually operated by cooperatives and private companies. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. Click here to get an answer to your question What is the population of Managua. March 3, 2023, 8:54 AM PST / Source: Reuters. Managua's city area extends about 544 square kilometers (210 square miles), essentially south from the south shore of Lake Managua. The markets enjoy a substantial amount of popularity, as many of the backpacking, ecotourism-focused tourists and tourists on-a-budget use these markets for their supplies and souvenirs. The National Palace was one of the few building that survived the 1972 earthquake. Commercial activity, however, remains low. )permanent pasture: 27.2% (2018 est. The population of the capital is 1,350,000 which corresponds to approximately 1.3 million people. Northwest of Managua, in the city of Len, lived the poet Alfonso Corts (1893-1969), who had been declared "mad" at the age of 34 and chained in his bedroom. [41], During the Santo Domingo festival some people cover themselves in a mix of grease and motor oil to pay promises to the saints while others wear masks and costumes.[42]. [47], The Rubn Daro National Theatre is Nicaragua's most important theater, and is one of the most modern theaters in Central America. Nicaragua is comparatively low at an average elevation of 298 meters above sea level. During the dry season the countryside gets dull and even dusty. A transport map[66] of the city's 44 bus routes was created in 2016 in a crowdsourcing initiative by the Nicaraguan OpenStreetMap community. After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, former Sandinista President Daniel ORTEGA was elected president in 2006, 2011, 2016, and most recently in 2021. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 7, total: 122,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 4 (2021), total: 1351,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 15under 914 m: 119 (2021), total: 23,897 km (2014)paved: 3,346 km (2014)unpaved: 20,551 km (2014), 2,220 km (2011) (navigable waterways as well as the use of the large Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua; rivers serve only the sparsely populated eastern part of the country), total: 5by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 3 (2021), Army of Nicaragua (Ejercito de Nicaragua, EN): Land Forces (Fuerza Terrestre); Naval Forces (Fuerza Naval); Air Forces (Fuerza Area); Special Operations Command (Comando de Operaciones Especiales); Nicaraguan National Police (2022)note: both the military and the police report directly to the president, 0.6% of GDP (2021 est. Foreign embassies in Managua also sponsor film festivals. )industrial: 73.6 million cubic meters (2017 est. A. ), total: 290,351 (2020 est. note: data are in current year dollars$6.252 billion (2019 est.) Natural history museums include the Museo del Departamento de Malacologa UCA, Museo Gemolgico de la Concha y el Caracol, and Museo Paleontolgico "El Hato". The population reached 937,489 in 2005, with more than 1.2 million people in the metropolitan area, representing one-fourth of the total population of Nicaragua. Download Historical Data Save as Image From: To: Zoom: Managua's ability to cope with the disaster was also limited. Notable landmarks include Daro Park, with its monument to Nicaraguas famed poet Rubn Daro; the National Palace; the 20th-century cathedral; the Carlos Fonseca Memorial; and the Tower of Democracy. ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. A third road, under construction, will connect Bluefields, South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region with Managua via Nueva Guinea. The National Palace is one of Managua's oldest buildings, undamaged by the 1972 earthquake. At the time, Managua's limited resources had to be directed to other disaster relief purposes. )industry: 24.4% (2017 est. One out of every ten buses now grants access to wheelchair passengers, granting disabled passengers for the first time the ability to utilize public transportation resources.[68]. The city spends most of the year seeing strong heat and a bright shining sun. [citation needed], The President of Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega, was presented with a plan to revitalize the city center. [37], Managua is Nicaragua's cultural capital, boasting several restaurants, theaters, museums, and a few shopping centers. )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. [13] Infrastructure was severely damaged and rehabilitation or restoration of buildings was nearly impossible. Some of these include a centrally located Art Deco gazebo crowned with a white-washed naked muse, which happens to have superb acoustics. )33.122 (2019 est. It recently inaugurated its over US$52 million extension and renovation partly financed by Spain. More than half of all residents (59%) live within cities. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [24] About 18 percent of Nicaragua's total budget is invested in primary, secondary and higher education. )31.2% of GDP (2016 est. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 13,000 bbl/day (2018 est. Critics pointed to the fact that buildings of particular importance, especially those of colonial heritage, were painted in bright colors. United Nations - World Population Prospects, Managua, Nicaragua Metro Area Population 1950-2023, The current metro area population of Managua in 2023 is, The metro area population of Managua in 2022 was, The metro area population of Managua in 2021 was, The metro area population of Managua in 2020 was. The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. )0.6% of GDP (2020 est. Nicaraguans emigrate primarily to Costa Rica and to a lesser extent the United States. Pop. Group of answer choices Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. ), $6.617 billion (2021 est.) )34.342 (2020 est. The main trading products are beef, coffee, cotton, and other crops. 7/20/1979-Managua, Nicaragua-Members of the 5-man junta of the Sandinista provisional government wave from the top of a fire truck as they enter the main square in downtown Managua. There is also a park dedicated to the Guatemalan writer Miguel ngel Asturias. nos The museum is located in west Managua in the Acahualinca neighborhood. )$11.771 billion (2018 est. Managua's 2023 population is now estimated at 1,291,800. Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras, total: 130,370 sq kmland: 119,990 sq kmwater: 10,380 sq km, slightly larger than Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than New York state, total: 1,253 kmborder countries (2): Costa Rica 313 km; Honduras 940 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands, extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes, highest point: Mogoton 2,085 mlowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 298 m, gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish, agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est. [48], Plaza de la Revolucin (Revolution Square), formerly known as Plaza de la Repblica (Republic Square) is home to Managua's historic center, located on the shores of Lake Xolotlan. All of these highways are in good condition, with little traffic congestion. Ethnic/Racial groups Non-genetic phenotype data from the CIA World Factbook establish that Nicaragua's population self-reports as 69% Mestizos, and 17% White with the majority being of full Spanish descent . If you use our chart images on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. [64] The airport was remodeled by architect Roberto Sansn[65] and has now been converted into one of the region's most modern airports. Capital and largest city is Managua, almost one quarter of the country's population lives in the city. [34] As well as many hotels, Managua has opened four western style shopping centers or malls, such as Plaza Inter, Centro Comercial Metrocentro, Galerias Santo Domingo[es],[35] and Multicentro Las Americas,[36] with many more being constructed. Image showing to men readi Road development and market access on Nicaragua's Caribbean coast: implications for household fishing and farming practices. )0.6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $170 million)0.6% of GDP (2018) (approximately $180 million)0.6% of GDP (2017) (approximately $190 million), approximately 12,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,200 Air Force) (2022), the Nicaraguan military's inventory includes mostly secondhand Russian/Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, Russia has been the leading arms supplier to Nicaragua (2022), 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; tour of duty 18-36 months; requires Nicaraguan nationality and 6th-grade education (2022), the modern Army of Nicaragua was created in 1979 as the Sandinista Popular Army (1979-1984); prior to 1979, the military was known as the National Guard, which was organized and trained by the US in the 1920s and 1930s; the first commander of the National Guard, Anastasio SOMOZA GARCIA, seized power in 1937 and ran the country as a military dictator until his assassination in 1956; his sons ran the country either directly or through figureheads until the Sandinistas came to power in 1979; the defeated National Guard was disbanded by the Sandinistas (2022), Nicaragua-El Salvador-Honduras: the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; the court ruled, rather, that the Gulf ofFonsecarepresents a condominium, with control being shared by El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the decision allowed for the possibility that the three nations could divide the waters at a later date if they wished to do so, Nicaragua-Costa Rica: Nicaragua and Costa Rica regularly file border dispute cases with the ICJ over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island, virtually uninhabited areas claimed by both countries; there is an ongoing case in the ICJ to determine Pacific and Atlantic ocean maritime borders as well as land borders; in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river; in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area; in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage; in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel; in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region; in 2018, the ICJ ruled that Nicaragua must remove a military base from a contested coastal area near the San Juan River, and that Costa Rica had sovereignty over the northern part of Isla Portillos, including the coast, but excluding Harbour Head Lagoon; additionally, Honduras was required to pay reparations for environmental damage to part of the wetlands at the mouth of the San Juan River, Nicaragua-Colombia: Nicaragua filed a case with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Colombia in 2013 over the delimitation of the Continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast, as well as over the alleged violation by Colombia of Nicaraguan maritime space in the Caribbean Sea, which contains rich oil and fish resources; as of September 2021, Colombia refuses to abide by the ICJ ruling, tier rating: Tier 3 Nicaragua does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so and was downgraded to Tier 3; the government identified slightly more victims than in the previous reporting period and prosecuted a trafficker; however, no traffickers were convicted and victim identification remained inadequate; authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict government employees complicit in trafficking; the government provided no victim services; prosecution, protection, and prevention efforts in the two Caribbean autonomous regions of Nicaragua continued to be much weaker than in the rest of the country (2020)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Nicaragua and Nicaraguans abroad; women, children, and migrants are most at risk; women and children are subject to sex trafficking within the country and its two Caribbean autonomous regions, as well as in other Central American countries, Mexico, Spain, and the United States; traffickers used social media to recruit victims with promises of high-paying jobs in restaurants, hotels, construction, and security outside of Nicaragua where they are subjected to sex or labor trafficking; traffickers exploit children through forced participation in illegal drug production and trafficking; children and persons with disabilities are subjected to forced begging; Nicaragua is also a destination for child sex tourists from the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, a transit route for drug traffickers smuggling cocaine from South America through Mexico into the United States via maritime and air routes, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).