The Batak people are comprised various ethnic groups who are known to live in the North Sumatra region of Indonesia. Translate Bat (animal). In the religious world of the Toba and Karo Batak the gods and the creation of mankind are far less significant than the complex concepts connected with the tendi (Karo) or tondi (Toba) and the begu. Considering the shortness of their stay their account reveals very intensive first-hand observation. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Batak - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The New Testament was first translated into Toba Batak by Dr. Nommensen in 1869 and a translation of the Old Testament was completed by P. H. Johannsen in 1891. Batak people in different areas cultivated either sawah (wet rice fields) or ladang (dry rice), and the Toba Batak, most expert in agriculture, must have migrated to meet demand in new areas. Cannibalism was once practiced, but victims were confined to prisoners and those guilty of incest. A Bibliography of the Batak Peoples by Tunggul Siagian. Iwan Simatupang (1928-1970) is the author of Ziarah (The Pilgrim, 1969), the first Indonesian novel awarded international prize through ASEAN Literary Award in Bangkok in 1977. [68], This period was characterized by the arrival of Dutch colonists and while most Batak did not oppose the Dutch, the Toba Batak fought a guerrilla war that lasted into the early 20th century and ended only with the death in 1907 of their charismatic priest-warrior-king Si Sisingamangaraja XII, who had battled the Dutch during the First Toba War with both magic and weaponry. They also suffer from high infant mortality and low birth rates. Other aspects of adat were however tolerated, with the Mandailing Islamic ideology placing adat on the same level as Islamic law, as in contrast with the Minang practice of placing Islamic law above adat. Simalungun is an early offspring of the southern branch. Rather, most followed Protestant Christianity, although there were also many adherents of Islam. Dutch and German missionaries to the Batak in the late 19th century observed a few instances of cannibalism and wrote lurid descriptions to their home parishes in order to raise donations for further missions. The various Batak cultures differ in their pre-colonial religious ideas as they do in many other aspects of culture. Any individual can attempt to pacify an enraged begu by means of food and drink offerings and prayers. The different ethnic groups that form the collective Batak people speak the Simalungun Karo, Pakpak, Toba, Mandailing, and Angkola languages. The modern Batak have gravitated towards professions such as attorneys, bus and taxi drivers, mechanics, engineers, singers and musicians, writers and journalists, teachers, economists, scientists, and military officers. The pustaha has been written and composed by a Batak wizard priest, the "datu". Alternative Titles: Batta, Battak Batak, also spelled Battak or Batta, several closely related ethnic groups of north-central Sumatra, Indonesia. Scientific name: Canis lupus familiaris. At the time of Marco Polo's visit in 1292 the people were described as "wild idolaters" who had not been influenced by outside religions, however by Ibn Battuta's visit in 1345 Arab traders had established river-ports along the northern coasts of Sumatra and Sultan Al-Malik Al-Dhahir had recently converted to Islam. Batak Pony The Batak Pony is a pony breed from Indonesia. The Mandailing and Angkola Batak were converted to Islam in the early 19th century during the reign of Minangkabaus Padri. The Proto-Batak sounds underwent the following changes in the individual daughter languages: Proto-Batak *k became h in initial and medial position in the Southern Batak languages:; Proto-Batak *kalak > Toba, Simalungun halak; Karo kalak 'person' Proto-Batak *dukut > Toba, Simalungun duhut; Karo dukut 'grass'. Similar ideas about the afterbirth are also found among the Karo, who also bury the placenta and amniotic fluid under the house and regard them as two guardian spirits (kaka and agi) who always remain close to the person. The results showed that there was 33 lexicon used in Toba Batak proverbs. Moreover the Pustaka Kembaren, an origin story of the Sembiring Kembaren suggests linkages with Pagarruyung in Minangkabau Highlands.[8]. What all the six gods so far mentioned have in common is that they play a minor role in ritual. ", Kipp, RS, Large and very ornate tugu can be seen around Lake Toba and on the island of Samosir. Batak dialect still influences the dialects in Medan city today. In more recent times, learned Islamic scholars (ulama) studying abroad, have suggested that many traditional Mandailing practices, such as the 'Raja' hereditary leaders, were in conflict with Islam, being indicative of 'pele begu'. His description parallels that of Marsden in some important respects, however von Kessel states that cannibalism was regarded by the Batak as a judicial act and its application was restricted to very narrowly defined infringements of the law including theft, adultery, spying or treason. Christian missionaries had been active among the northern Mandailing from 1834 onwards, but their progress was restricted by the Dutch government, who feared conflict between newly converted Christians and Muslims. English word for batak, English meaning of batak, बतक का अंग्रेजी में अर्थ, Get meaning of batak in Hindi dictionary, batak With Usage Tips and Notes, Quickly Grasp Word batak The Batak believe that the begu continue to live near their previous dwelling (in a village of the dead which is thought to be situated not far from the Growing ethnic tensions culminated in the 1872 Karo Rebellion where the Karo were suppressed by Dutch and Malay forces. It is believed that illnesses are connected with the absence of tendi, and the bringing back of the tendi is a main method of healing. Practitioners of Malim are called Parmalim.[59]. From the 16th century onward, Aceh increased the production of pepper, an important export commodity, in exchange for rice, which grew well in the Batak wetlands. Batak, also spelled Battak or Batta, several closely related ethnic groups of north-central Sumatra, Indonesia. Over time Mandailing Islam, has been brought closer to the predominant Southeastern Shafi`i school of Islam as a result of Mandailing discourse with other Islamic practitioners and the practice of hajj, although traditional elements remain, such as dividing inheritance among all children, a Mandailing rather than Islamic practice. Due to contact with outsiders the Batak language has become the recipient of many loan words from Tagbanua, Tagalog/Filipino, Spanish, and English. The earth was softened by water and threatened to be utterly destroyed. When missionaries began to discourage traditional healing and augury the Bible may have been adopted by some gurus in place of the pustaha. It must be emphasized that only the datuk are in a position to interpret and influence people's tendi correctly. These trading opportunities may have caused migration of Batak from Pakpak and Toba to the present-day Karo and Simalungun 'frontier' lands, where they were exposed to greater influence from visiting Tamil traders, while the migration of Batak to the Angkola-Mandailing lands may have been prompted by 8th-century Srivijayan demand for camphor. Presently numbering more than 8 million souls, the Bataks are a large and influential group in contemporary Indonesia, well represented in military, government, intellectual and cultural spheres. In 1824 two British Baptist missionaries, Richard Burton and Nathaniel Ward, set off on foot from Sibolga and traveled through the Batak lands. Contribution to modern Malay and Indonesian Literature, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKasiri1993 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFEneste2001 (, Luckman Sinar (Tengku), The History of Medan in the Olden Times, 1996, Von Kessel, O., "Erinnerungen an Sumatra,", Niessen, Sandra. Tendi can be separated from their owners through inattentiveness, or as a result of black magic by a datu with evil intentions. Sweat too is described as rich in tendi. When the two have grown up their divine parents return to the upper world leaving the couple behind on the earth. Batak definition is - a small predominantly pagan native group inhabiting northern Palawan Island, Philippines. Many Batak, moreover, occupied prominent positions in business and in the Indonesian government. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1974 "Karo Batak Religion and Social Structure. The modern Indonesian state is founded on the principles of pancasila, which requires the belief in 'one and only God', the practice of either Protestantism, Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism or Hinduism, one of which must be entered on an individual's KTP. Ida Laura Pfeiffer visited the Batak in August 1852 and although she did not observe any cannibalism, she was told that: Samuel Munson and Henry Lyman, American Baptist missionaries to the Batak, were cannibalized in 1834. Form of the individual tendi is decided by the Toba and on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to trusted..., religion of Shaivism, Buddhism and local culture for thousands of new, high-quality added! State ministers does not work, a ceremony invoking ancestors to aid the community, was also.! 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