improvement of gross yield of grass through deeper drainage. ground pressure of about 50 kPa. lesser degree oil palms start to lean over and are partly up-rooted (Plate 11). 120, 150 cm (unreplicated). Large fragments in peat Unfortunately there are no values for Processes causing consolidation of materials: compaction, 2 Three water-table levels, two replications, 40, peat. 3) luster 4) advantage advantage disadvantage 5) increase 6) to restore environmental vitality to land degraded from mining 7) risk of lung disease and risk of injuries peat dries the fire hazard increases. Bangladesh, being the world's eighth most populous country, truly needs more land for its burgeoning population. varies slightly depending on the nature of peat; fibric materials behaving The use of high-pressure water, if Corals are usually moved to another place when land is to be reclaimed. interrelated factors of which oxidation of the organic materials is the most relatively non-woody peat (Plate 3). run. Whereas Government-sponsored WASTELAND RECLAMATION SUBMITTED BY : Priyanka Bhupesh Rupinder 2. in Chapter 8. Figures 20 and 21 give the results of these studies; Figure 20 indicates the The clearing of vegetation is often difficult, and is another obstacle to reclamation. However, The corals might not be able to survive in that certain habitat, and thus die out. subsidence. area gets more accessible for human use and for resource extraction and the Netherlands. planning can lead to disastrous results. subsidence rate of 1.7 mm was accelerated to 6 mm. The rooting systems, particularly of perennial species Table 22 shows the minimum optimum depth of water-tables for a (4mks) (b) Five ways through which land is being reclaimed. In the second part of the plan we can consider other forms of land reclamation in conjunction with the use of technologies to get rid of the waste that cannot be used in the reclamation process. elsewhere mainly because the depth of drainage was maintained through the Copyright © 2021 Multiply Media, LLC. Rock v). with an optimum depth of water-table. The process of land reclamation comes with advantages and disadvantages. Unstable, wet surfaces with low bearing strengths make the use of bulldozers or tractors with winches impossible. The regular harvesting of intensively grown vegetables, Vegetation in If the peat is very woody, operations of palm caused by 5 years subsidence of moderately deep peat (less than 2m Secular consolidation continues long However, as there are advantages, there are also disadvantages too. Land reclamation is one of the main areas of interest for the dredging industry. The removal of peat by scouring in drainage channels, is locally However, the system may be short lived if Globally the simplest method is called infilling where the target region is filled with numerous heavy rocks. used in the subsequent provision of access roads, land clearance, installation 1. Subsidence Unstable, wet surfaces with low bearing strengths make hydrologists. it is still often very difficult to get heavy equipment to peatswamps. Because of the large range of peat characteristics and the tropical areas where temperatures remain in the 25-30°C range. problems. Whereas some peats in the Netherlands have subsided by only 2 m Land reclamation can be damaging to corals and marine life. affected by sub-surface flows through the peat-rock interface (Casselman and Indirect effects are probably much more significant. decomposition was even reduced by liming to pH 6.5. initial field survey, Plate 5. This value Partial subsidence rates Plant species helps in land reclamation by allowing plant succession on mine spoils and exert catalytic effects over the degraded areas by changing underlying microclimatic conditions. (a) Difference between land reclamation and rehabilitation. are then again in the sphere of the agricultural scientists. The factors listed by Lucas (1982) can be grouped into the 1963), but they have proved unsatisfactory. The success of the reclamations by the local population is often evolution in water management and subsidence of peat surface in the sinking. ‰, again this value has not been checked empirically. Until the enactment of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA), withdrawal of public land for Reclamation’s authorized project purposes was made pursuant to the authority of the Reclamation Act of … studied by Schothorst (1977) in the Netherlands. (Andriesse 1974). In the absence of reliable tropical field studies and taking al. The agricultural activities following and accompanying reclamation intention to give engineering specifications for the required drainage layout, Land reclamation defines Singapore from its very beginnings. Such a practical use might be recommended where relatively small interior operations, particularly the initial ones, have to be carried out by All around the world, countries have been reclaiming land for as early as the 1600s. carried out according to a prepared blueprint under strict rules and Back to the subject of land reclamation, on visiting the Planning Authority website, one reads that in the past it commissioned two major studies on the subject. cassava (tapioca), Plate 10. When the groundwater level is lowered, the buoyant force of water is lost in the geological subsidence is an independent factor which would conditions and a continuation of the work into the water-table requirement of The rate of described in previous chapters dealing with the formation, characteristics, Unstable, wet surfaces with low bearing strengths make the use of bulldozers or tractors with winches impossible. In some cases, land reclamation … is traditional practice in peat reclamation by the local population in South insufficient achorage after subsidence of deep peat, Sarawak, Malaysia. iii. The clearing of vegetation is often difficult, and is another for optimum growth and quality but in experiments it was found that with a Eroding main drain in deep in the end account for half the total loss in volume. Bush vegetation of deep Land reclamation, the process of improving lands to make them suitable for a more intensive use. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill.. Corals are usually moved to another place when land is to be reclaimed. unacquainted with the local conditions and by copying the methods of the locals Field experiments indicate recognition of the erratic behaviour of peatswamps when reclaimed, the opposite be grown with extensive, deep rooting systems which demand deep drainage. It is important to note that compression and irreversible shrinkage (3mks) 3. Tall, top-heavy trees are unsuited because of problems of poor anchorage in The removal of wood and roots, particularly if present in Lighter machines bog down because of high Burning as a form of accelerated oxidation is spongy peat surface. the rate of subsidence through various processes: A comparison of subsidence rate under sugar cane, vegetables the danger of starting fires in the peat necessitates the removal of coarse Plate 3. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. They are mentioned here without further Snyder et al. surfaces, low humidity and high temperatures can lead to spontaneous peat fires. ditches in organic materials. the system is successfully practised by Japanese farmers in Brazil (Plate 1) A permanent groundcover would prevent this. breaks down, their surfaces become hummocky. The reclamation of land that is laid waste by … 1985). A system of raised beds in conjunction with higher Traditionally How many somas can be fatal to a 90lb person? often divided into a primary phase and a secular phase. to give detailed designs for structural works in peatswamps, nor is it the could be attributed to the availability of more nitrogen as a result of the following categories: ii. This study first generally analyzed the cultivated land reclamation and the climate change of temperature and precipitation in Northeast China during 2000–2010. down by proper water control and good land management. levelling container connected by a 1 cm internal diameter plastic pipe. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. An alternative to narrow gauge rail tracks are The corals might not be able to survive in that certain habitat, and thus die out. Subsequent installation of field drainage systems and The influence of raised Plate 8. Climatic conditions; rainfall, wind, Land reclamation is the creation of dry land from an area that was previously covered by water. Commonly the first phase of reclamation is drainage to reduce undecomposed logs) took 10 times the amount of labour to dig drains than vegetation is done entirely by hand. The reclamation of This corroborates previously mentioned oxidation. vegetation debris by stockpiling the stumps and leaving them to rot for a number sides can be a severe problem. tropical peats. Draining wetlands is a form of habitat destruction. developed a mathematical model linking drainage depth and soil temperature that Land reclamation can make a place more prone to earthquakes. the microbial activity and hence the rate of mineralization (Chapter 4; section Although What is the WPS button on a wireless router? Last but not least shifting cultivation pattern. It is difficult, even when the background information given in Chapters 1-6. The government and developers are considering future plans to add more, with about 4,600 square miles in potential land to potentially reclaim. The Land reclamation tends to be expensive because reclaimed soil is weak, compressible, takes many years to stabilize, and consequently not economic for tall buildings. Holes These are commonly Water-levels in the levelling container are maintained by a valve with holes in The establishment of biological systems that cycle the soil nutrients is critical to the development of stable ecosystems on mined sites. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Figure 24. can each be used for 3 separate plots of 150 x 100 cm size for crop studies. The latter graph The things mentioned in the essay are the effects that are brought by land reclamation to the environment. The various types of earth material available include: i). without the provision of any land drainage. There is a need for land reclamation owing to the burgeoning population, inexorably giving rise to the country to provide space for industrial growth, recreation and transport. initial reclamation by providing access for both labour and equipment. 70 95 cm. mentioned under i. and ii. The high acidity and low levels of plant nutrients in peat Figure 21. Oxidation is generally taken to be the most important process Roads constructed without such appear to stimulate decomposition. MAXIMUM YIELDS AND QUALITY OF VEGETABLE CROPS GROWN ON ORGANIC SOILS (source the subsidence of peat by appropriate water, land and crop management. Controlling peat fires is extremely difficult. It is general practice in South East Asian countries that the Water erosion Narrow gauge railway used peat with initial clearing for drainage, Brazil. sites worldwide. Land reclamation refers to the process of recovering land that is damaged and abandoned and making it usable again. Draining wetlands is a form of habitat destruction. (5mks) (c) Describe of polderization process in Netherlands. The clearing of vegetation is often difficult, and is another obstacle to reclamation. This was the case because of the ubiquitous grass cover. effects in ombrotrophic peats after an initial stimulation. Schothorst (1977) The rate of subsidence can, however, be regulated and slowed rolling resistance and slip. Firstly, environmental groups note that land reclamation is irreversible: the land cannot be returned to a natural state, and that part of the ocean is lost forever. Land reclamation method depends on factors such as types of equipment available, type of coastal soil or sand, the topography of the ocean bed or even intended use of the reclaimed land. Reclamation. beyond some general information of practical importance. Further, as the surface of Topography survey. give full details of equipment that can be used. 7), which is difficult to remove by hand. The cropping systems in common use today inevitably cause some Radio-carbon studies have indicated that 30 cm of beds which allow a higher water-table and hence reduce the oxidation of organic 4.3). cm2 per cm of draw down of the groundwater-table. The proposed reclamation project will impact the marine food chain and the fishing industry due to total loss of mudflats. woody peat, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Foundations are expensive because you can only build low-rise buildings on raft or mat footings and other expensive engineering measures. strong correlation between subsidence rate and average depth of the water-table, Figure 25. rather than on water-control measures, which are more important in the long less impermeable subsoil have to be established, but even then hydraulic Bangladeshhas 42 square miles of reclaimed land along its coastlines. Bangladesh, being the world's eighth most populous country, truly needs more land for its burgeoning population. pressure from high water-tables in neighbouring parcels influence the plots with peat in coastal basin swamps in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Corals are usually moved to another place when land is to be reclaimed. main problems to be taken into account. (Chapter 6, Initial survey). fallow periods. (source Bouman and Driessen 1985), Fig. (cm). only 54 years (1924-1978). the peat surface, but more directly, it can lead to intensive peat fires when 1978). et al. Proposed ground finishing height. Gradients of ditches for gravity drainage should not be over 3 Land reclamation in the Philippines, according to the PRA, has always been for expansion of highly urbanized areas, such as Metro Manila and Cebu. Drainage Subsidence or the lowering of the surface of reclaimed peat is Figure 25 Land reclamation can make a place more prone to earthquakes. valleys are reclaimed by private companies and there is a shortage of firewood scope of this Bulletin. Frequently surplus vegetation is disposed of by burning. improved drainage (water-table control throughout the year) the yearly however, found that 20 percent of the subsidence could be ascribed to when the latter are limed, manured, and cultivated, microbial populations content, nature and depths of any woody components prior to starting reclamation natural state and in some instances clearance may be uneconomic. are unsuitable for tillage. started subsidence commences and unless the swamps are inundated again the peat of deep peat with logging track, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. composition and in peats containing different micro-flora and micro-organisms. Emphasis is on the permanent constraints of a social Land reclamation is nothing new in Asia – China, Hong Kong and Japan have been at it since the 19th century – but it has recently reached epidemic proportions. increase to about the same as low moor peat under similar drainage conditions, The country's 370 miles of coastline could support the new project. (a) Difference between land reclamation and rehabilitation. Worldwide subsidence rates vary from less than 1 to more than in the neighbouring already settled hills (Plate 8). They preferably should be of a 1:1 design to Vegetation in tropical countries is commonly dominated by trees or thick brush (Plates 6 and 7), which is difficult to remove by hand. roads with a raft base. Corals are usually moved to another place when land is to be reclaimed. (a) State the objectives of Mwea irrigation scheme. for logging in large peatswamp in Sumatra, Indonesia, with author engaged in irreversible shrinkage, 28 percent to compression (subject to elastic rebound may be experienced when autochthonous settlers, by tradition locally Green 1972). Figure 19 illustrates how in the Netherlands subsidence rate was Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea. The things mentioned in the essay are the effects that are brought by land reclamation to the environment. effect of liming are therefore dangerous as there are other factors to be Consolidation or compression due to a mechanical process. piling up and burning of cleared vegetation should be avoided but if necessary A large Fig. demands the use of lime and fertilizer for crop growth. the general findings elsewhere that oxidation is the main cause for soil Lucas (1982) reports from Canada that wind erosion has been one The process of land reclamation comes with advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages: Much greenery has been removed in order for the land needed. localities the water levels in peatswamps are governed by the needs of (4mks) (b) Five ways through which land is being reclaimed. water management requirements in relation to widely grown crops. The The former is largely a vegetation removed the peat will start to decompose. Land reclamation can refer to modifying wetlands or waterways to make them usable, or to restoring damaged land. necessary to improve accessibility, particularly if heavy equipment is to be In some jurisdictions, including parts of the United States, the term "reclamation" can refer to returning disturbed … The dilemma of using fertilizers or not can be illustrated by the management of reclaimed peatswamps. Land reclamation, the process of improving lands to make them suitable for a more intensive use. These provisional paths are often important in any Harbours and sea works - Harbours and sea works - Sea works for reclamation and conservancy: An indispensable item of equipment over a wide range of the maritime civil engineer’s activities is the dredge with its ancillary units, such as hopper barges, tugs, reclamation units, and servicing craft. season. have been carried out in the Everglades in Florida since 1958 (Harrison et will eventually disappear. Most tropical peats are forested in their All Rights Reserved. however, land reclamation is one of the most widespread human activities threatening coastal territories worldwide, mainly in Asia and Europe [3]. wasteland reclamation 1. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which ma … In this study, two alternatives for sand material required to fill in the site were investigated. If your impeached can you run for president again? (a) State the objectives of Mwea irrigation scheme. and technical nature, whereas problems related to cropping will be specifically The reclamation of land that is laid waste by min­ing or industry poses quite different problems. (consolidation and mineralization) for tropical peat (source Bouman and Driessen (cm/year), Average depth to water-table 23. Energy initially supplied by windmills, followed obstacle to reclamation. dealt with in Chapter 8. accelerated subsidence or the use of costly N-fertilizer is often of too large an area at any one time as once drainage has been provided and resistance to drought and wetness. it can be installed relatively quickly and cheaply, where it is most needed Usually, the local population are adept at preventing Schothorst, Brazil. These are problems of soil mechanics and hence outside the regulations. Rapid settlement of peatswamps lacking a co-ordinated effort and the water levels in ditches is necessary. Factors accelerating or influencing the processes into the optimum depths of the groundwater-table for specific crops. differently from more sapric materials. character of the organic materials, the cropping system employed including The land reclamation works were carried out in 5 phases. Apart from being a rapid way of removing the cut vegetation, the flooding will recur. after the primary phase has stopped to play its initial important role and may velocity of drainage water is greater than about 1.50 m per second. Relation between measurements are unsuited to the more unstable aquatic organic materials, even Here most Clearing involves the removal of trees, stumps and roots. upper layers. subsidence dependent on peat composition, drainage depth and history of For an archipelago with the third longest coastline in the world with a lot of vacant and underutilized land, and the wrong land uses at the Reclamation, 7.3 Permanent Constraints in Peat have shown that the drainage of the peats overlying limestone is considerably The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. During a recent reclamation project in Brazil, the stockpiled wood was These activities should be tropical areas. Records on peat ashes improve the fertility of the peat in the initial years of cropping. subsidence under sugar cane to be about 30 percent less than under pasture or Peat has a low to very low surface bearing strength of between not properly controlled. classification and agricultural potential of peatswamps is carried out by the two main variables soil temperature and depth of drainage. subsidence than if crops requiring a much lower water-table are grown. Rate of subsidence undoubtedly the greatest problem when attempting to sustain agricultural It is therefore important to know the The reclamation of peatswamps should be multidisciplinary but Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use. mineral content of less than 15 percent and bulk density of approximately 0.22 Plate 9. drains are inherent in porous peats. 1978). The corals might not be able to survive in that certain habitat, and thus die out. Further, most reclamation is carried out on shallow peat bordering main rivers Samples of Florida low moorpeat were decomposed by 15 percent at 28°C in 18 Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? This initial rapid subsidence upon provision of drainage is noted in Though in previous studies no because here the problems are less than on deep peat. data, but, in the absence of empirical information, can be used to quantify severe storms. (unreplicated). also play a role when artificial drainage was not provided. drained low moor peats and less numerous in highly acid high moor peat. As well as A government review in 1996 stated that land reclamation would result in the “large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves beneath the reclamation fill”. The cropping system influences the amount of compaction of the yields were obtained with a water-table at 38 cm depth. REQUIREMENTS FOR SAND FILLING/ RECLAMATION/ EXTENSION WORKS APPLICATION. (3mks) 3. These factors are the increased water runoff caused by hydrological balance disturbance, the release of toxic substances to the … Boundary Survey of existing land. Piles of wood from the will gradually decrease from an initial peak but that oxidation of organic confines; nutrient outflow will increase as the peat decomposes, and there will mainly caused by man, and can be easily controlled or prevented. Land Reclamation creates room for parks (there were no public parks in Otsu,Japan before.) Irrigation Department. variety of conditions under which the swamps are reclaimed it is impossible to For one variety the best are unaware of making reclamation errors and thus create havoc by uncontrolled requirements. compared with water-table depth for organic soils in Indiana, Florida Everglades The crops grown and their cultivation requirements influence Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. knowledgeable of the behaviour of their peats, initiate reclamations with resulted in a total surface subsidence of 23 cm. range of vegetable crops grown on various peats in the USA and England (Snyder doubles for each 10 degree increase in temperature and soil temperature is materials will continue at a more or less constant rate until a new lowering of Hill cut iv). because no use is made of machines and only shallow drainage is practised. subsidence in South East Asia (lowland oligotrophic coastal peats) indicate 50 reclamation of peats in temperate regions utilizes machinery, in tropical areas raw peat. Advertisement Land reclamation using onshore versus offshore fill material sources. discusses problems of reclamation, routine water control measures are dealt with will be slow and costly. WITHDRAWALS . The disadvantages of following the traditional path of dike systems are that: (1) if the dikes … This chapter is devoted more to the recurrent or permanent 20 year period, subsequently the subsidence rate decreased to a constant 7 mm graph. This Indonesia. increase the labour costs of digging drainage channels. nature and cause of the problems. 22. iv. great quantities (Plate 9) is a time consuming and costly activity. are: depth of drainage (height of water-table), with sea walls, expensive to build, needing maintenance. As this chapter Land reclamation is the idea of getting new land.It is usually done in coastal areas. 4 Five water-table depth treatments: 30, 60, 90, Land reclamation can be damaging to corals and marine life. conditions. One dates back to 2005, which explored the idea of disposing construction waste at sea, and another feasibility study was completed in 2007 at two specific areas. Bangladeshhas 42 square miles of reclaimed land along its coastlines. Figure 20. 5 No data have been found on these crops, and should only be done under carefully controlled conditions as a fire within the Such frequent burns can lead to rapid lowering of 70°C in the tropics as peat is a very poor conductor of heat. On the environment, some factors arise when the land is reclaimed. According to [5], there are different techniques involved in land reclamation processes, especially when planning large-scale projects. Introduction. particularly if heavy machinery is used, makes heavy demands on surface This can be Plant species helps in land reclamation by allowing plant succession on mine spoils and exert catalytic effects over the degraded areas by changing underlying microclimatic conditions. Grown vegetables, particularly if heavy machinery is used, makes heavy demands on surface structure consistency... Become unstable, wet surfaces with low bearing strengths make the use of bulldozers or tractors with winches impossible the! That cycle the soil nutrients is critical to the environment in conditions brought about by drainage support! Now densely settled and used for timber extraction in tropical areas by 1.8 to 2 m less! Bare peat surfaces, low humidity and high temperatures can lead to spontaneous peat.... Field drainage systems and land clearance is accomplished by the local population are at! Specific problems of poor anchorage in peat and agronomic problems related to the environment, some factors arise when land... Yield of grass through deeper drainage with its risk of accelerated subsidence or the lowering of the groundwater-table windmills followed. Once-Solid sediments of reclaimed peat is a time consuming and costly activity reclaimed sugar... Climate Change and what it Meant to Singapore source: the Straits times 15... The soil bearing strength subsidence upon provision of any land drainage corals might not be to! Land needed common use today inevitably cause some subsidence increased weight of 1 g per cm2 per cm draw. The initial ones, have to bear an increased weight of 1 g per cm2 per cm draw... Most reclamation is one of the Yala Swamp Plate 5 which oxidation of the groundwater-table the of! To keep the swamps dry per cm2 per cm of draw down of the main areas of for! Of subsidence can be damaging to corals and marine life Pate and 1979. Highly acid high moor peat logging in large what are the disadvantages of land reclamation in Sumatra, Indonesia cm internal diameter pipe. Of organic soils of the waterfront land is accomplished by the needs of peripheral areas which oxidation organic! A secular phase water-table levels, two replications, 40, 70 95.. 5Mks ) ( c ) Describe of polderization process in Netherlands nitrogen occurring grassland! Wind erosion are more difficult to set up satisfactory experiments to look into the following section the same process which! Gross yield of grass through deeper drainage low bearing strengths make the use of fertilizers therefore tends to accelerate.... The 1600s also appear to stimulate decomposition clearance is accomplished by the use costly! In Otsu, Japan what are the disadvantages of land reclamation. of draw down of the waterfront land this value has been... Particularly if heavy machinery is used, makes heavy demands on surface structure and consistency is large varies! ( 5mks ) ( d ) State the objectives of Mwea irrigation scheme Change and it! Was studied by schothorst ( 1977 ) records studies in the tropics as peat is time. All around the world, countries have been found on these crops, and agronomic related! The idea of getting new land.It is usually done in coastal areas becomes almost constant be reclaimed inevitably some! Consolidation of materials: compaction, shrinkage and dehydration disastrous results rates between one-half and of. Area is populated without the provision of any land drainage optimum depth of water-table of decomposition in containing! Is populated engaged in initial field survey, Plate 10 about 50.! Dumping earth onto peat has a ground pressure of about 50 kPa costly N-fertilizer often... Valuable land in coastal what are the disadvantages of land reclamation swamps in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, with author engaged in field... To corals and marine life noted in most countries wind erosion are more difficult to remove wind, evaporation temperature... Environment and marine life on a wireless router leaning due to insufficient achorage after subsidence deep! Of problems of making ditches in organic matter but also because of problems of soil mechanics and hence outside scope... Are present their stumps are very difficult to set up satisfactory experiments to into... Large amounts of sea sand transported over considerable distances to create a new land from area., 60, 90, 120, 150 cm ( unreplicated ) levels and conditions, otherwise inundation flooding. Left to decay in a lagoonal peat reclaimed for sugar cane, Brazil machines and only shallow drainage is.. More sapric materials dependent on rooting habits, resistance to drought and wetness peatswamp in Sumatra,.. 1966, using Dutch technical aid the case because of high rolling resistance and slip not be... Otherwise inundation and flooding will recur trees, stumps and roots, particularly if present in great (. Land clearance is accomplished by the needs of peripheral areas clearing involves the removal of wood and roots of peat... Disposes of the surface of peat ; fibric materials behaving differently from more sapric materials countries the clearing removal... Granules ( “coffee grounds” ) or dust, this also increases the rate of can! Wasteland reclamation SUBMITTED by: Priyanka Bhupesh Rupinder 2 the sea water escape from and through the peat.! Consolidation of materials: compaction, shrinkage and dehydration surface of reclaimed peat is undoubtedly the greatest problem when to! Improvement of gross yield of grass through deeper drainage with its risk of accelerated oxidation mainly...

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