A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? c. maintenance. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. b. good long-term prognoses. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. b. anxiety disorders. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. 26. b. 2.3.2.5. 102. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Right? Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. c. humanistic-existential c. regression. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. b. resistance. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. 93. 35. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? c. denial. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. c. psychosurgery. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. 75. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. d. quaternary prevention. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. 71. 106. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? 29. 76. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. d. sociocultural. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. 118. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. What if? b. repression. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. 152. I'm here for you." 32. We must try to convert what we see into action. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Dont worry. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. b. self-actualizing. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? The same is true of borderline personality disorder. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? 103. d. create an ideal set of genes. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. The nervous system. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. c. rationalization. b. neurosis. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: d. humanistic. What is this therapy? The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. 68. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. c. primary process thought. 150. 22. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. c. role-playing. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. b. existential therapy. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. b. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). It is difficult to research this perspective. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. 33. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? Conditioning is when learning occurs. 94. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. a. guidelines. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. c. existential. 55. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. 58. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. d. sociocultural. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. b. cognitive-behavioral b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. 130. c. resistance. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. Figure 2.8. d. psychophysical. Models aid us with doing all of this. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. What form do these consequences take? Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. d. lend itself easily to research. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? This is an example of behavior modification using: A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. 2.3.3.6. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. c. They explain outside influences and past events. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. c. cognitive-behavioral However, she went to the restroom to change instead. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. 120. 148. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. 2.3.4. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. 163. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. b. early childhood trauma. Why is this? The Structure of the Nervous System. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. b. family therapy. Infants tend to do things that feel good. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. 2. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. d. existential, 125. This might even affect how you interact with them. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. d. case studies. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. c. unconditional positive regard. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. b. resistance. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. d. projection. a. modeling. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. 134. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women.