Urbanization would prove to be a key factor in the development of North African Christianity. The World Book Encyclopedia has stipulated that Christians constitute 80% of Africa's population in 2002. Christianity was well established in Alexandria by the end of the first century C.E. Given the slow progress of Romanization of North Africa, it is perhaps surprising how quickly Christianity spread across the top of the continent. Answers. Reformers in the missionary churches, as well as independent church leaders, agitated for changes in the institutionalized church. Just as Christianity provided a driving force during the Kingdom of Aksum, leading Ezana to conquer neighboring lands, Islam likewise became a unifying and potent force throughout both North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. By Joseph Kiprop on September 21 2017 in Society. These evils were fought by champions like Henry Venn and Thomas Fowell. ), aka Clement of Alexandria, was a Hellenistic theologian and the first president of the Catechetical School of Alexandria. Philip encountered a man from Ethiopia on a road leading from Jerusalem to Gaza. This is evident was another prolific Christian. ), the Egyptian city of Alexandria became a significant (if not the most significant) center for the development of Christianity. North Africa, however, Christianity was not merely eclipsed, it was supplanted.1 Tertullian, the "Father of Latin Christianity," had labored in North Africa during the latter years of the second century and the early years of the third. One center was in Cyrenaica, within reach of the influence of Alexandria. Over the next three and a half centuries, Rome extended its control over the coastal regions of North Africa (including the coastal regions of modern day Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and imposed a rigid administrative structure on Roman colonists and indigenous peoples (the Berber, Numidians, Libyans, and Egyptians). In Africa Proconsularis and its neighbors, there was a resonance to traditional Gods through the concept of a supreme being. Roman life in North Africa was heavily concentrated around urban centers—by the end of the second century, there was upwards of six million people living in Roman North African provinces, a third of those living in the 500 or so cities and towns which had developed. The Main Factors in the Spread of Islam. Develop an argument that evaluates how such factors led to the emergence or spread of one or more religions in this time period.” Maximum Possible Points: 6 . The ancient East African kingdom of Aksum gradually adopted Christianity from the early- to mid-fourth-century reign of Ezana onwards. The Spread of Christianity and Factors that Contributed to the Political and Religious Separation of the Early Church Poor infrastructure system led Portuguese man power filed to spread the Christianity in the coast of east Africa is lacking man power … The date of his death is unknown, but his last writings date to 220 C.E. Most Important Figures in Ancient History, Ancient Syrian Facts, History and Geology, The Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicea, Postgraduate Certificate in Education, University College London. This explains why the death of one missionary leader would stop the whole of that missionary group from continuing with its work. However, Emperor Decius ordered the persecution of the adherents of Christianity in mid-3rd century forcing Christians to seek refuge in the desert. Alistair Boddy-Evans is a teacher and African history scholar with more than 25 years of experience. Numerous factors, reasons and circumstances are responsible for the spread and wide acceptance of Islam. by Edward Smither, James Clarke, and Co., 2011. It had a mostly friendly rivalry with the School of Antioch which was based around a literal interpretation of the Bible. In his early years, he traveled extensively around the Mediterranean and studied the Greek philosophers. Missions has been a part of Africa’s story since just after Jesus ascended into heaven. Islam spread in West Africa through the activities and efforts of Al Murabidun( strugglers) i.e. • General History of Africa Volume 2: Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Unesco General History of Africa) ed. At the turn of the 20th century, Christianity was virtually nonexistent in many parts of Africa but is now the faith of the majority. Factors for church growth in first century Book summary 1: Spiritual Leadership by J. Oswald Sanders How to read the Bible for all it's worth-book summary Factors for church growth in first century Vytisknout E-mail Zobrazeno: 60005 Topic: Within its first four centuries Christianity became the official religion of the entire Mediterranean community. One person who brought Christianity to an African is Philip, as recounted in Acts 8:26–40. Factors Which Led to the Spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire Christianity was not born in a vacumn. The term “North Africa”, in classical and early medieval times, meant essentially Proconsular Africa. Nevertheless, understanding the social, cultural, and religious factors that influenced the spread of the faith doesn’t make the ultimate cause of the movement any less supernatural in nature. Christianity enjoys widespread popularity in Africa particularly in the nations situated in the Southeast, Southern, and Central regions of the continent. The Catechetical School of Alexandria was founded in the late second century by Clement of Alexandria as a center for the study of the allegorical interpretation of the Bible. 1. North Africa would, over the first few centuries C.E., become a region for Christian innovation, looking at the nature of Christ, interpreting the gospels, and sneaking in elements from so-called pagan religions. A new attempt to spread Christianity was made when the Church Missionary Society (CMS) arrived from Britain in 1821. But, like Egypt, Africa and its neighbors Numidia and Mauritania (which were under the rule of client kings), were recognized as potential 'bread baskets'. The Alexandria-based church initially used Greek, and it was not until the late 2nd century that both the liturgy and the scriptures were translated into three native languages. The Portuguese attempted to introduce a Catholic-influenced form of Christianity between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Kongo Kingdom, but it did not last for long. The reason why so many Africans are turning to Christianity is attributed to a number of factors include disillusionment with political systems and a natural attraction to religious worship. Since then, Africa has become a region predominantly inhabited by Christians and Muslims. The Evangelical Revival, in the late 18th century, started sending missionaries to Africa. Explain six factors that favoured the spread of Christianity in East Africa. They were followed in turn by the Methodists and the Roman Catholics. Nigeria has particularly witnessed rapid growth in Christianity with numerous African-Christian denominations established across the nation. It is recorded that in 180 C.E. The Nile Valley was feeding Rome. While Christianity was made the … One person who brought Christianity to an African is Philip, as recounted in Acts 8:26–40. Romans were enticed by the availability of land for building estates and wealth, and during the first century C.E., north Africa was heavily colonized by Rome. This was due in large part because the missionaries used the native culture to raise up indigenous leaders to lead the churches. The Montanists were harsh moralists, but even they proved to lax for Tertullian in the end, and he founded his own sect a few years before 220 C.E. E., different factors led to the emergence and spread of new religions and belief systems, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity. According to tradition, the evangelist Mark was a native Jew of Cyrene, who came to Alexandria by way of the Pentapolis and, afte… Joshua Takes Steps Against The Spread Of Ebola There has been a notable growth in the population of Christians residing in Africa while on the other hand observance of traditional African religions has been on a decline. It is believed that Mark the Evangelist brought Christianity from Jerusalem to Alexandria in the year 43 before becoming the first bishop to serve the Alexandria Orthodox Church. The religion is also present in some nations in the Northeast and also the Western region. Ali Unal . It was a direct statement against Roman rule. Born in Carthage, a cultural center much influenced by Roman authority, Tertullian is the first Christian author to write extensively in Latin, for which he was known as the 'Father of Western Theology'. Christianity found its way to Sudan in the 1st century as well, and the region's Nubian churches had links to those in Egypt. I see five reasons that helped Christianity to ultimately take over the Roman Empire. While all civilizations have their moral systems, Christianity differed from the pagan religions in that its God was all-wise, all-knowing and was morally perfect (or so the Christians believed), and so for these reasons Christianity spread like a wild fire over the next few centuries. The well-known narrative of the late Roman church-historian Rufinus relates a top-down process of conversion, starting with the ruler himself. Amongst the achievements of Victor I are his endorsement for the change of Easter to the Sunday following the 14th of Nisan (the first month of the Hebrew calendar) and the introduction of Latin as the official language of the Christian church (centered in Rome). Origen, head of the School of Alexandria in the early third century, is also noted for compiling a comparison of six translations of the old testament—the Hexapla. Twelve Christians of African origin were martyred in Sicilli (Sicily) for refusing to perform a sacrifice to the Roman Emperor Commodus (aka Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus). The Fall of Rome: How, When, and Why Did It Happen? The positive intentions of Christianity were however overshadowed by the ills of the slave trade and commercial exploitation. As a Christian, I believe that God’s historical providence directed the events that led to Christianity’s development. A bishopric was established by the disciple and gospel writer Mark when he established the Church of Alexandria around 49 C.E., and Mark is honored today as the person who brought Christianity to Africa. Missionaries faced no strong opposition from any region especially in the interior. The Biblical Scholar Jerome (347--420 C.E.) (There was also the problem of increasing ethnic and social tensions which helped fractured the empire into what would become the Byzantium and Holy Roman Empire of medieval times.). Alexandria was also home to the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament which traditional has it was created on the orders of Ptolemy II for the use of the large population of Alexandrian Jews. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, The Origin And Growth Of Christianity In Africa, African Countries Where Christianity is the Largest Religion, Types Of Crimes By Number Of Offenses In The US, The 10 Biggest Shopping Malls In The World. From the seventh century onwards, Muslim traders from the Maghreb and the Sahara started settling first in some of the market centres in the Sahel and then in the Savanna areas. Two factors that could inhibit the further spread of Christianity are:Faith. Amongst people subdued by Roman authority in North Africa (Aegyptus, Cyrenaica, Africa, Numidia, and Mauritania) Christianity quickly became a religion of protest—it was a reason for them to ignore the requirement to honor the Roman Emperor through sacrificial ceremonies. Factors that led to the spread of Christianity in the apostolic age A strange historical significance seems to surround the Middle East. Within a short time the missionaries spread their activities inland. However, the colonisation of sub-Saharan Africa and the New World provided new outlets for the spread of Christianity. 1993-10-01 00:00:00 . Reportedly, the city boasted a very large Jewish community, which was located in close proximity to Jerusalem. Missionaries first arrived at the court of Kabaka Muteesa in 1877, almost a century after the missionary impetus from Europe had begun. The recent growth of the religion in Africa is mainly attributed to African Evangelism. Explain the factors involved in the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire both before and after the conversion of Constantine. canals had been refreshed and agriculture was booming from improved irrigation. Many Messianic and syncretistic sections have also formed across the continent including the Nigerian Aladura churches and the Nazareth Baptist Church situated in South Africa. Jewish Diaspora – During the Second Temple period, Jews were dispersed throughout the Mediterranean world. Factors Which Influenced the Spread Of Christianity, Alexandria as an Early Center of Christianity, Latin as the Language of Western Christianity, 6 Important People in Ancient African History. Explain the factors involved in the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire both before and after the conversion of Constantine. Saints Felicity and Perpetua are celebrated by a feast day on March 7th. This was another action that led to the spread of Christianity among a broader scope of audiences. Because North Africa was heavily under Roman rule, Christianity was spread through the region by the use of Latin rather than Greek. Geographical location and the patterns of caravan trade tied these five towns more closely to Egypt than to Carthage and the rest of the western states of North Africa. Another major reason that led to the rapid spread of Islam in West Africa was the trans-Saharan trade network. It was partially due to this that the Roman Empire eventually split into two, east and west. Some of his beliefs about the transmigration of souls and universal reconciliation (or apokatastasis, a belief that all men and women, and even Lucifer, would ultimately be saved), were declared heretical in 553 C.E., and he was posthumously excommunicated by the Council of Constantinople in 453 C.E. In this area great kingdoms of the ancient world, such as Babylon and Persia, arose to shape history. • 'The Christian period in Mediterranean Africa' by WHC Frend, in Cambridge History of Africa, Ed. The most significant record of Christian martyrdom, however, is that of March 203, during the reign of the Roman Emperor Septimus Severus (145--211 C.E., ruled 193--211), when Perpetua, a 22 year old noble, and Felicity, whom she enslaved, were martyred in Carthage (now a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia). Explain six factors that favoured the spread of Christianity in East Africa. Clement attempted to mediate between the heretical Gnostics and the orthodox Christian church and set the stage for the development of monasticism in Egypt later in the third century. Christianity spread due to its universality, its familiarity to the Roman people, and the fact that it gave people hope. By the middle of the first century, churches had been established in northern African by early converts to Christianity. CHRISTIANITY: CHRISTIANITY IN NORTH AFRICA Although we lack written sources, archaeological evidence suggests an early origin for the North African churches. It is no coincidence that Islam has become the second largest and the fastest growing religion in the world (Esposito 2002:1). Christianity was also very attractive because it set out a code for morality. Alexandria considered the second city after Rome, had 150,000 inhabitants by the third century. Tertullian, the “Father of Latin Christianity,” had labored in North Africa during the latter years of the second century and the early years of the third. Because North Africa was heavily under Roman rule, Christianity was spread through the region by the use of Latin rather than Greek. It was partially due to this that the Roman Empire eventually split into two, east and west. The Alexandria-based church initially used Greek, and it was not until the late 2nd century that both the liturgy and the scriptures were translated into three native languages. remarked that he added Egypt (Aegyptus) to the empire. Related but distinct from that are the historical reasons why Christianity was able to be successful. Christianity is a proselytising religion, and many missionaries are spread around the word preaching to the unconverted. Factors such as educational, spiritual, social, cultural, economic, political, psychological, historical, geographical, etc., are from amongst the factors contributing to the widespread and acceptance of Islam b… There were few secrets in such a setting. By the time of Emperor Claudius (10 B.C.E.--45 C.E.) As a Christian, I believe that God’s historical providence directed the events that led to Christianity’s development. Once it was introduced to Africa, Christianity slowly spread from Alexandria to Ethiopia. PIOneer mission in Africa greatly discouraged other volunteers who were wilting to come to Africa and carry out missionary work. Tertullian converted to Christianity in Rome during his twenties, but it was not until his return to Carthage that his strengths as a teacher and defender of Christian beliefs were recognized. These letters were collected and laid the foundation of Christianity’s unique holy script, the New Testament. Despite those efforts, the spread of Christianity was very slow. It is believed that African … The report, corroborated by the adoption of Christian symbolism on Ezana’s late coinage, and monotheistic as … Some religious scholars believe that Christianity was introduced to Africans by way of the Egyptian city of Alexandria. The third key factor in the spread of Christianity through North Africa was the resentment of the population to Roman administration, particularly the imposition of taxes, and the demand that the Roman Emperor be worshiped akin to a God. In recent times the term has been applied to a vast extension of territory over 1200 miles wide stretching from Tripoli in the east to Casablanca in the west and from the Mediterranean in the north to the Sahara in the south. There were echoes of traditional religions to be found in Christianity which also proved key in the spread of the new religion. His most important surviving work is the trilogy Protreptikos ('Exhortation'), Paidagogos ('The Instructor'), and the Stromateis ('Miscellanies') which considered and compared the role of myth and allegory in ancient Greece and contemporary Christianity. In North Africa, however, Christianity was not merely eclipsed, it was supplanted. Nearly 200 years after the first wave of missionaries arrived in Africa, Christianity is growing faster here than anywhere else in the world. From the fall of Carthage in 146 BCE to the rule of Emperor Augustus (from 27 BCE), Africa (or, more strictly speaking, Africa Vetus, 'Old Africa'), as the Roman province was known, was under the command of a minor Roman official. AICs have also demonstrated a strong missionary tendency in that most of the spread of Christianity throughout Africa in the 20 th century can be attributed to African Independent Churches. G. Mokhtar, James Currey, 1990. Cyrenaica (the easternmost part of Libya) was known as the Pentapolis, or the five towns: Cyrene (modern-day Shaḥḥāt), Apollonia (Marsa Gona), Ptolemaïs (Tolmeta), Berenice (Benghazi), and Barce (Barka). Mark the Evangelist made history in the year 43 when he became the first bishop to serve in the Orthodox Church of Alexandria. He is said to have laid down the foundation on which Western Christian theology and expression is based. The spread of the religion was rapid and was due to many factors. Mark arrived in Egypt around 42 C.E., Philip traveled all the way to Carthage before heading east into Asia Minor, Matthew visited Ethiopia (by way of Persia), as did Bartholomew. Buganda in the 19th Century Christianity came late to Uganda compared with many other parts of Africa. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN WEST AFRICA. King Ezana of the Ethiopian/Eritrean Kingdom of Aksum gave Christianity official status and facilitated the establishment of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Points Rubric Notes A: Thesis/Claim (0 – 1) The religion also grew in northwestern Africa where the churches maintained links with the Church of Rome. Christianity appealed to a disaffected Egyptian populous through its representations of resurrection, an afterlife, virgin birth, and the possibility that a god could be killed and brought back, all of which resonated with more ancient Egyptian religious practice. One of the most important Christian theologians and biblical scholars was Oregenes Adamantius, aka Origen (c.185--254 C.E.). By the end of the second century, Carthage had produced a pope (Victor I). The Church in Alexandria grew quickly in the 3rd century, and Alexandria's Bishop earned the title of Pope, and he was recognized as the senior Bishop in Egypt. 1. Venn sought to develop an African Church by urging missionaries to move on after the seeds had been sown and leaving the native leaders to develop their church. In the early years of the church, especially after the Siege of Jerusalem (70 C.E. Although Jesus was dead, his teachings were still very much alive and thriving within his followers. Historical records, which come partially from a narrative believed to have been written by Perpetua herself, describe in detail the ordeal leading up to their death in the arena—wounded by beasts and put to the sword. e g. the death of Coillard and his Wife in 1904 led to the collapse of the evangelical mission in Barotseland. Important Africans who influenced the early development of Christianity include Tertullian, Perpetua, Felicity, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Cyprian, Athanasius and Augustine of Hippo. Philip encountered a man from Ethiopia on a road leading from Jerusalem to Gaza. JD Fage, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1979. Any discussion of Christianity in Uganda–the creation of colonialism at the end of the 19th Century–must begin with Bu… Christianity arrived in Africa in the late 1st or early 2nd century AD, making these Christian communities some of the earliest in the world. The oldest of these churches is the Tewahedo which enjoys a membership of around 45 to 50 million people. Christians can explain the rapid spread of Christianity with theological reasons. Born in Alexandria, Origen is most widely known for his synopsis of six different versions of the old testament, the Hexapla. -Trade between Africa and Mesopotamia helped in the spread of iron working.-Migrating Bantus spread the skill.-Travelers and messengers spread the art by giving or receiving gifts of iron.-It was spread through warfare. The spread of Christianity throughout Egypt and Northern Africa, during the first five centuries was rapid and intense, despite the prevalence of false teachings, persecutions and martyrdom. After the crucifixion, the disciples spread out across the known world to take the word of God and the story of Jesus to the people. 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